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Korea, Democratic People's Republic of Country Reports on Human Rights Practices -2000
 
 Á¶¼±¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇÀιΰøÈ­±¹ ÀαǺ¸°í¼­
 
 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
 February 2001
 
 The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) is a dictatorship under the absolute rule of the Korean Workers' Party (KWP). Kim Il Sung led the DPRK from its inception until his death in 1994. Since then his son Kim Jong Il has exercised unchallenged authority. Kim Jong Il was named General Secretary of the KWP in October 1997. In September 1998, the Supreme People's Assembly reconfirmed Kim Jong Il as Chairman of the National Defense Commission and declared that position the "highest office of state." The presidency was abolished leaving the late Kim Il Sung as the DPRK's only president. The titular Head of State is Kim Yong Nam, the President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly. Both Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il continue to be the objects of intense personality cults. The regime emphasizes "juche," a national ideology of self-reliance. The judiciary is not independent.
 
 Á¶¼± ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ ÀιΠ°øÈ­±¹(ºÏÇÑ)Àº Á¶¼±³ëµ¿´çÀÇ Àý´ëÀû ÅëÄ¡ÇÏ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â µ¶Àç±¹°¡ÀÌ´Ù. ±èÀϼºÀÌ Ã¢°Ç ´ç½ÃºÎÅÍ 1994³â »ç¸ÁÇÒ ¶§±îÁö ºÏÇÑÀ» ÁöµµÇß´Ù. ±× Èķδ ±×ÀÇ ¾Æµé ±èÁ¤ÀÏÀÌ È®°íÇÑ ±ÇÀ§¸¦ ÇâÀ¯ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â °Í°°´Ù. ±èÁ¤ÀÏÀº 1997³â 10¿ù Á¶¼±³ëµ¿´ç ÃѺñ¼­·Î Áö¸íµÆ´Ù. Áö³­ 9¿ù ÃÖ°íÀιÎȸÀÇ´Â ±èÁ¤ÀÏÀÇ ±¹¹æÀ§¿øÀå ÃëÀÓÀ» ÀçÈ®ÀÎÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±¹¹æÀ§¿øÀåÁ÷ÀÌ '±¹°¡ÀÇ ÃÖ°íÀ§Á÷'À̶ó°í ¼±¾ðÇß´Ù. ÁÖ¼®Á÷Àº Á×Àº ±èÀϼºÀ» ºÏÇÑÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ÁÖ¼®À¸·Î ³²±ä ä ÆóÁöµÆ´Ù. ±èÀϼº°ú ±èÁ¤ÀÏÀº °è¼ÓÇؼ­ ±Ø¼º½º·¯¿î °³Àμþ¹èÀÇ ´ë»óÀÌ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ºÏÇÑÁ¤±ÇÀº ÀÚÁ¶(í»ð¾)ÀÇ ±¹°¡ À̵¥¿Ã·Î±âÀÎ 'ÁÖü'¸¦ °­Á¶ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. »ç¹ýºÎ´Â µ¶¸³ÀûÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
 
 The Korean People's Army is the primary organization responsible for external security. It is assisted by a large military reserve force and several quasi-military organizations, including the Worker-Peasant Red Guards and the People's Security Force. These organizations assist the Ministry of Public Security and cadres of the KWP in maintaining internal security. Members of the security forces committed serious human rights abuses.
 
 Á¶¼±ÀιαºÀº ±¹¹æÀ» Ã¥ÀÓÁö´Â ÁÖ¿ä Á¶Á÷ÀÌ´Ù. ¶Ç ¹æ´ëÇÑ ¿¹ºñ º´·Â°ú ³ë³óÀûÀ§´ë¡¤Àιΰæºñ´ë¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÀº ÁØ ±º»çÁ¶Á÷¿¡ ÀÇÇØ º¸°­µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Áرº»çÁ¶Á÷Àº »çȸ¾ÈÀü¼º°ú Á¶¼±³ëµ¿´ç °£ºÎÁøÀ» µµ¿Í Ä¡¾ÈÀ» À¯ÁöÇÑ´Ù. Ä¡¾È ºÎ´ë¿øµéÀº Áß´ëÇÑ ÀαÇħÇظ¦ ÀúÁö¸¥ ¹Ù ÀÖ´Ù. ±¹°¡´Â ¸ðµç ÁÖ¿ä °æÁ¦È°µ¿À» ÁöÈÖÇÏ°í, ¶Ç Á¤ºÎ°¡ ÅëÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ³ëµ¿Á¶ÇÕ¸¸ÀÌ Çã¿ëµÈ´Ù. 90³â´ë ÃʺÎÅÍ ¸Å³â ±×·¨µíÀÌ 1998³â¿¡µµ °æÁ¦´Â À§ÃàµÆ´Ù. ºÏÇÑÀÇ °æÁ¦³­Àº ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ¼Òºñ¿¡Æ® ºí·ÏÀÇ ºØ±«, ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ ÇØü, ´ëÁß¹«¿ª ¹× Áß±¹¿øÁ¶ÀÇ Ãà¼Ò¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¹è±Þü°èÀÇ Àå¾Ö, ºñÈ¿°úÀûÀÎ ÀÚ¿ø ¹èºÐ, Áö³­³¯ÀÇ ¿Üä »óȯºÒ´É¿¡ ±âÀÎÇÑ ¿ÜÀÚÀ¯Ä¡ ¹æ¾ÈÀÇ ºÎÀç, ¾à 25 ÆÛ¼¾Æ®¿¡ ´Þ ÇÏ´Â GNPÀÇ ±º»çºñ ÅõÀÔ µîÀÌ °æÁ¦³­ÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀ̶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. 95³â°ú 96³â ±×¸®°í 97³â¿¡´Â Àϱ⠺ҼøÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ¾ç°î»ý»ê¿¡ Â÷ÁúÀÌ »ý±â°í ¼öõ °¡±¸ÀÇ ÁýÀÌ ¶°³»·Á°¡´Â ¹Ù¶÷¿¡ ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê¾Æµµ ¾î·Á¿î ºÏÇÑ°æÁ¦°¡ ´õ¿í ¾ÇÈ­µÆ´Ù. 98³âÀÇ ¾ç°î ¼öÈ®·®Àº ÇöÀúÇÏ°Ô Áپ ÃÖ¼Ò·®ÀÇ ¼ö¿äµµ ÃæÁ·½ÃÅ°Áö ¸øÇß´Ù. ºÏÇÑ´ç±¹Àº °è¼ÓÇؼ­ ±¹Á¦»çȸÀÇ ¾ç°îÁö¿ø°ú ±× ¹ÛÀÇ Áö¿øÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ½Ä·®¡¤ÀÇ·ù¡¤¿¡³ÊÁöÀÇ ¹è±ÞÀÌ Àü±¹¿¡ °ÉÃļ­ ½Ç½ÃµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
 
 The State directs all significant economic activity, and only government-controlled labor unions are permitted. Industry continued to operate at much-reduced capacity that reflects antiquated plant and equipment and a severe shortage of inputs. This decline is due in part to the collapse of the former Soviet Union and East European Communist governments and the consequent sharp decline in trade and aid. Efforts at recovery have been hampered by heavy military spending--which amounted to perhaps a quarter of gross domestic product before the economy went into decline and is probably now a larger share of national output. It also is held back by a lack of access to commercial lending stemming from the DPRK's default on its foreign debt and its inability to obtain loans from international financial institutions. Never food self-sufficient, the country relies on trade to supplement domestic production, which has been hobbled by disastrous agricultural policies. Since 1995 nearly annual droughts and floods have destroyed crops and ruined agricultural land, and hunger and malnutrition have been widespread. Famine has caused internal dislocation, widespread malnutrition, and approximately a million deaths from starvation and related diseases. Economic and political conditions have caused thousands of persons to flee their homes. The Government continued to seek international food aid, produce "alternative foods," and take steps to boost production. It has supported the spread of farmers' markets to make up for the contraction of food supplied through the public distribution system. Food, clothing, and energy are rationed throughout the country. The U.N.'s World Food Program provides assistance to the elderly, children and mothers, and persons employed in flood damage recovery efforts.
 
 »óÅ°¡ ¸ðµÎ Áß¿äÇÑ °æÁ¦ÀûÀÎ È°µ¿À» ÁöµµÇÏ°í , ±×¸®°í ´ÜÁö government-controlledÇÑ ³ëµ¿Á¶ÇÕµéÀº Çã¶ôµË´Ï´Ù . »ê¾÷ÀÌ ³ëÈÄÇÑ ½Ä¹° ±×¸®°í ¼³ºñ ±×¸®°í ÀԷµéÀÇ ¾ö°ÝÇÑ °áÇÌÀ» ¹Ý¿µÇÏ´Â ¸¹ÀÌ ÁÙÀÎ ´É·Â¿¡(¼­) ÀÛµ¿ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °è¼ÓÇß½À´Ï´Ù . ÀÌ ÀúÇÏ°¡ ¾ÕÀÇ ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ ºØ±« ±×¸®°í µ¿ÂÊ À¯·´(ÀÇ) °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚÀÇ Á¤ºÎµé ±×¸®°í ¹«¿ª¾ÈÀÇ °á°úÀûÀÎ ³¯Ä«·Î¿î ÀúÇÏ ±×¸®°í ¿øÁ¶¿¡ ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î »ó´çÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ´ë·®ÀÇ ±º´ë spending-which °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ ȸº¹ÀÇ ³ë·ÂµéÀº ¹æÇع޽À´Ï´Ù ¾Æ¸¶ À̸£·¯Áý´Ï´Ù ±¹³» ÃÑ»ý»êÀÇ ÄõÅͱâ Àü¿¡ °æÁ¦´Â ÀúÇϾÈÀ¸·Î °¡°í ±×¸®°í ¾Æ¸¶ Áö±Ý ±¹°¡ÀûÀÎ °á°úÀÇ ´õ Å« ¸ò À̾ú½À´Ï´Ù . Á¢±ÙÀÇ °áÇÌÀÌ DPRKÀÇ µðÆúÆ®¿¡¼­ ±×°ÍÀÇ ¿Üä ±×¸®°í ´ëÃâµéÀ» ±¹Á¦ ±ÝÀ¶ ±â°üµé¿¡¼­ ½ÀµæÇÒ ±×°ÍÀÇ ¹«´ÉÀ§¿¡ »ó¾÷»óÀÇ ºô·Á Áֱ⿡ ¶ÇÇÑ À¯·¡ÇÕ´Ï´Ù . °áÄÚ À½½Ä ÀÚ±ÞÀÚÁ·ÇÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù , ³ª¶ó´Â ¹«¿ªÀÌ ÇÇÇØ°¡ ¸·½ÉÇÑ °æÀÛÀÇ Á¤Ã¥µé¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© Àý¸§°Å¸®°Ô µÈ , °¡Á¤ÀÇ »ý»êÀ» º¸ÃæÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÕ´Ï´Ù . 1995 °ÅÀÇ ¿¬Â÷ °¡¹³µé ±×¸®°í È«¼öµéÀÌ·¡·Î ¼öÈ®¹°µéÀ» Æı«ÇÏ°í ±×¸®°í ³óÁö¸¦ Æĸê½ÃÄÑÁ³½À´Ï´Ù , ±×¸®°í ±¾ÁÖ¸² ±×¸®°í ¿µ¾ç ½ÇÁ¶°¡ ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ® ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù . ±â±ÙÀÌ ³»ÀçÀûÀÎ Å»±¸¸¦ À¯¹ßÇß½À´Ï´Ù , ³Î¸® ÆÛÁö´Â ¿µ¾ç ½ÇÁ¶ , ±×¸®°í ´ë·« ±â¾Æ ±×¸®°í °ü·ÃµÈ º´µé·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ¹é¸¸ Á×À½µé . °æÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ±×¸®°í Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ Á¶°ÇµéÀÌ ¼öõÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ±×µéÀÇ Áýµé¿¡ ´Þ¾Æ³ª´Â °ÍÀ» À¯¹ßÇß½À´Ï´Ù . Á¤ºÎ°¡ ±¹Á¦ ½Ä·® ¿øÁ¶¸¦ ±¸ÇÏ°í , " ´ë½ÅÀÇ foods " »ý»êÇÏ°í , ±×¸®°í »ý»êÀ» Áõ°¡½Ãų ½ºÅܵéÀ» °¡Á®°¡´Â °ÍÀ» °è¼ÓÇß½À´Ï´Ù . À½½ÄÀÇ ¼öÃàÀÌ °ø°øÀÇ ¹èÆ÷ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ÅëÇØ °ø±ÞÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡ ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀº ³óºÎµéÀÇ ½ÃÀåµéÀÇ À¯Æ÷¸¦ ÁöÁöÇß½À´Ï´Ù . À½½Ä , ¿Ê , ±×¸®°í ¿¡³ÊÁö°¡ ³ª¶ó Àüü¿¡ rationedÇÕ´Ï´Ù . À¯¿£ÀÇ ¼¼°è ½Ä·®°èȹ ±â±¸°¡ µµ¿òÀ» ³ªÀÌ°¡ Áö±ßÇÏ°í , ¾ÆÀÌµé ±×¸®°í ¾î¸Ó´Ïµé¿¡°Ô °ø±ÞÇÏ°í , ±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µéÀº ¼öÇØ È¸º¹ ³ë·Âµé¾È¿¡(¼­) »ç¿ëÇß½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 The Government's human rights record remained poor, and it continued to commit numerous serious abuses. Citizens do not have the right to change their government peacefully. There continued to be reports of extrajudicial killings and disappearances. Citizens are detained arbitrarily, and many are held as political prisoners; prison conditions are harsh. The constitutional provisions for an independent judiciary and fair trials are not implemented in practice. The regime subjects its citizens to rigid controls. The leadership perceives most international norms of human rights, especially individual rights, as illegitimate, alien, and subversive to the goals of the State and party. The Penal Code is draconian, stipulating capital punishment and confiscation of all assets for a wide variety of "crimes against the revolution," including defection, attempted defection, slander of the policies of the party or State, listening to foreign broadcasts, writing "reactionary" letters, and possessing reactionary printed matter. The Government prohibits freedom of speech, the press, assembly, and association, and all forms of cultural and media activities are under the tight control of the party. Radios sold in North Korea receive North Korean radio broadcasts only; radios obtained abroad by the general public must be altered to work in a similar manner. Cable News Network (CNN) television is available in one Pyongyang hotel frequented by foreigners. Under these circumstances, little outside information reaches the public except that approved and disseminated by the Government. The Government restricts freedom of religion, citizens' movements, and worker rights. There were reports of trafficking in women and young girls among refugees and workers crossing the border into China.
 
 Á¤ºÎÀÇ À뱂 ·¹Äڵ尡 ¿©ÀüÈ÷ °¡³­ÇÏ°í , ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ¸¹Àº ½É°¢ÇÑ ÇдëµéÀ» ¹üÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °è¼ÓÇß½À´Ï´Ù . ½Ã¹ÎµéÀÌ ÆòÈ­·Ó°Ô ±×µéÀÇ Á¤ºÎ¸¦ ¹Ù²Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¿Ç°Ô ÇÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù . °Å±â extrajudicial Á×À̱âµé ±×¸®°í »ç¶óÁüµéÀÇ º¸°í¼­µé ÀÎ °ÍÀ» °è¼ÓÇß½À´Ï´Ù . ½Ã¹ÎµéÀÌ ÀÓÀÇ·Î Áöü½ÃÄÑÁö°í , ±×¸®°í ´ë´Ù¼ö´Â Á¤Ä¡¹üµé ÀâÈü´Ï´Ù ; °¨¿Á Á¶°ÇµéÀº °ÅĨ´Ï´Ù . µ¶¸³ÇÏ´Â »ç¹ýºÎ ±×¸®°í °øÆòÇÑ ½ÃµµµéÀ» À§ÇÑ ±¸¼º»óÀÇ °ø±ÞµéÀÌ ¿¬½À¾È¿¡(¼­) ±¸ÇöÇØÁöÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù . Á¦µµ ÁÖÁ¦µé À¶Å뼺 ¾ø´Â °Í¿¡ÀÇ ±×°ÍÀÇ ½Ã¹Îµé Á¶ÀýÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ¸®´õ½ÊÀÌ ÀαÇÀÇ °¡Àå °¡Àå ±¹Á¦ Ç¥ÁصéÀ» Áö°¢ÇÕ´Ï´Ù , ƯÈ÷ °³º°ÀûÀÎ ±Ç¸®µé , À§¹ýÀûÀÌ°í , »ó¹ÝµÇ´Â °Í , ±×¸®°í ŸµµÇÏ°í »óÅ ±×¸®°í ÆÄƼÀÇ ¸ñÇ¥µé¿¡ . Çü¹ýÀÌ È¤µ¶ÇÕ´Ï´Ù , ¸ðµç Àç»êµéÀÇ »çÇü ±×¸®°í ¸ô¼ö¸¦ °è¾àÇÕ´Ï´Ù ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¸Á¸íÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â " Çõ¸í¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â ¹üÁ˵é " , , ¸Á¸í , ÀÌÁúÀûÀÎ ¹æ¼Ûµé¿¡ ±Í¸¦ ±â¿ïÀÌ´Â , ÆÄƼÀÇ Á¤Ã¥µéÀÇ Áß»ó , ¶ÇÇÑ »óŸ¦ ½ÃµµµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù , " ¹Ýµ¿ÀûÀÌ°Ô " ÆíÁöµéÀ» ¾¹´Ï´Ù , ±×¸®°í ¹Ýµ¿ÀûÀÎ Àμ⹰À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù . Á¤ºÎ´Â ¾ð·ÐÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ , ÇÁ·¹½º¸¦ ±ÝÁöÇÕ´Ï´Ù , ÀÇȸ , ±×¸®°í °ü·Ã , ±×¸®°í ¹®È­ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÇ ¸ðµç ÇüÅÂµé ±×¸®°í ¸Åü È°µ¿µéÀº ÆÄƼÀÇ ´Ü´ÜÇÑ Á¦¾î¾Æ·¡¿¡ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù . ºÏÇѾȿ¡(¼­) Æȸ° ¶óµð¿ÀµéÀº ºÏÇÑ ¶óµð¿À¸¦ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÔ´Ï´Ù ¹æ¼Ûµé ´ÜÁö ; ÇØ¿Ü¿¡¼­ ÀÏ¹Ý ´ëÁß °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ ½ÀµæµÈ ¶óµð¿ÀµéÀº À¯»çÇÑ ¹æ¹ý¾È¿¡(¼­) ÀÏÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¹Ù²î¾î¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ¿Ü±¹Àε鿡 ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÀÚÁÖ µé·¯Áø ÇϳªÀÇ Æò¾ç È£Åھȿ¡(¼­) ÄÉÀÌºí ´º½º ³×Æ®¿öÅ© ( CNN ) ÅÚ·¹ºñÀüÀÌ ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù . ÀÌµé »óȲµé¾Æ·¡¿¡ , ÀÛÀº ¿ÜºÎÀÇ Á¤º¸°¡ Á¤ºÎ °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ ¸¸Á·½º·¯¿öÇÏ°í ±×¸®°í Æ۶߷ÁÁø Àú°ÍÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÏ°í ´ëÁß¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù . Á¤ºÎ°¡ Á¾±³ , ½Ã¹ÎµéÀÇ ¿îµ¿µéÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ Á¦ÇÑÇÕ´Ï´Ù , ±×¸®°í ³ëµ¿ÀÚ ±Ç¸®µé . µµ¸ÁÀÚµé ±×¸®°í ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÌ Áß±¹¾ÈÀÇ °æ°è¸¦ °Ç³Ê´Â °ÍÀÇ °¡¿îµ¥ ¿©¼ºµé ±×¸®°í ¾î¸° ¼Ò³àµé¾È¿¡(¼­) ¸Å¸ÅÀÇ º¸°í¼­µéÀº ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS
 
 ÀαÇÀ» À§ÇÑ °æÀÇ
 
 Section 1 Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom From:
 
 ºÎºÐ 1 ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â , »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¼º½ÇÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© Á¸ÁßÇϽÿÀ :
 
 a. Political and Other Extrajudicial Killing
 
 . Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ Extrajudicial Á×À̱â
 
 Defectors and refugees report that the regime executes political prisoners, opponents of the regime, repatriated defectors, and others (reportedly including military officers suspected of espionage or of plotting against Kim Jong Il). Criminal law makes the death penalty mandatory for activities "in collusion with imperialists" aimed at "suppressing the national liberation struggle." Some prisoners are sentenced to death for such ill-defined "crimes" as "ideological divergence," "opposing socialism," and other "counterrevolutionary crimes." In some cases, executions reportedly were carried out at public meetings attended by workers, students, and school children. Executions also have been carried out before assembled inmates at places of detention. Border guards reportedly have orders to shoot-to-kill potential defectors (see Section 2.d.).
 
 Å»´çÀÚµéÀ» ¼ÛȯÇØÁ®¼­ , Å»´çÀÚµé ±×¸®°í µµ¸ÁÀÚµéÀº Á¦µµ°¡ Á¤Ä¡¹üµé , Á¦µµÀÇ »ó´ëµéÀ» óÇüÇÑ´Ù°í º¸°íÇß½À´Ï´Ù , ±×¸®°í ( ÀüÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé øº¸ È°µ¿ÀÇ , ¶ÇÇÑ Kim Jong Il¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇØ ¸ðÀÇÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÇ ÀÇ½ÉµÈ ±º´ë °ø¹«¿øµéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â ´Ù¸¥ °Íµé ) . " Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇÀÚµé°ú ÇÔ²² ÀÖ´Â °ø¸ð¾È¿¡(¼­) Çü¹ýÀÌ È°µ¿µéÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© »çÇüÀ» À§ÀÓµÇ°Ô ¸¸µì´Ï´Ù " °Ü´©¾îÁö°í " ±¹°¡ÀûÀÎ ÇعæÀ» ¾ï¾ÐÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ½Î¿ó´Ï´Ù . " ¾à°£ÀÇ Á˼öµéÀÌ Á×À½À» " À̵¥¿Ã·Î±âÀÇ ºÐ±â " , " °æÀïÀûÀÎ »çȸÁÖÀÇ " ±×·± ill-definedÇÑ " ¹üÁ˵é " ¶á?킳 ¼±°í¹Þ½À´Ï´Ù , ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ °Í " counterrevolutionary ¹üÁ˵é . " ¾à°£ÀÇ ÄÉÀ̽ºµé¾È¿¡(¼­) , ½ÇÇàµéÀÌ ÀüÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ³ëµ¿ÀÚµé , Çлýµé , ±×¸®°í Çб³ ¾ÆÀ̵鿡 ÀÇÇÏ¿© Âü¼®µÇ´Â °ø°øÀÇ È¸Àǵ鿡(¼­) Çس»Á³½À´Ï´Ù . ½ÇÇàµéÀÌ ÀúÁöÀÇ Àå¼Òµé¿¡(¼­) ¸ðÀ̾îÁø ÇǼö¿ëÀÚµéÀü¿¡ ¶ÇÇÑ Çس»Á³½À´Ï´Ù . °æ°è°¡ º¸È£ÇÕ´Ï´Ù shoot-to-kill ÀáÀçÀûÀÎ Å»´çÀڵ鿡°Ô ÀüÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ¸í·ÉµéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù ( ºÎºÐÀ» º¾´Ï´Ù 2.d. ) .
 
 Religious and human rights groups outside the country report that members of underground churches have been killed because of their religious beliefs and suspected contacts with overseas evangelical groups operating across the Chinese border (see Section 2.c.).
 
 Á¾±³ÀûÀÌ°í ±×¸®°í ³ª¶ó¹ÛÀÇ À뱂 ±×·ìµéÀº ÁöÇÏ ±³È¸µéÀÇ È¸¿øµéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ¹ÏÀ½µé¶§¹®¿¡ »ìÇØ´çÇÏ°í ±×¸®°í Áß±¹ »ç¶÷ÀÇ °æ°è¸¦ °¡·ÎÁú·¯ ÀÛµ¿ÇÏ´Â ÇØ¿Ü¿¡(¼­) º¹À½ÀÇ ±×·ìµéÀ» °¡Áø Á¢Ã˵éÀ» ÀǽɵǾú´Ù°í º¸°íÇÕ´Ï´Ù ( ºÎºÐÀ» º¾´Ï´Ù 2.c. ) .
 
 In August 1998, a Reuters report stated that, following a March 1998 coup attempt, authorities arrested several thousand members of the armed forces and executed many of them.
 
 1998 8¿ù¿¡ , ·ÎÀÌÅÍ´Â º¸°íÇÕ´Ï´Ù Àú°ÍÀ» ¸»ÇÏ°í , 1998 3¿ù Äíµ¥Å¸°¡ ½ÃµµÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» µû¸¨´Ï´Ù , ±ÇÀ§µéÀº ¸î¸î ±º´ëÀÇ Ãµ ȸ¿øµéÀ» üÆ÷ÇÏ°í ±×¸®°í ¸¹Àº ±×µéÀ» óÇüÇß½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 Many prisoners reportedly have died from disease, starvation, or exposure (see Section 1.c.).
 
 ¸¹Àº Á˼öµéÀÌ ÀüÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é º´ , ±â¾Æ·Î Á×¾ú½À´Ï´Ù , , ¶ÇÇÑ ³ëÃâ ( ºÎºÐÀ» º¾´Ï´Ù 1.c. ) .
 
 According to unconfirmed press reports from Japan and the Republic of Korea in 1997, several senior party officials were executed publicly in September 1997. The Kyodo News Network reported that Seo Kwan Hui, Secretary of Agriculture for the KWP, and 17 other senior officials, including some from the army and from the Kim Il Sung Socialist Youth League, were executed for corruption and working for South Korea. In 1998 Agence France-Presse (AFP) reported that among those executed were a four-star general who ran the Political Bureau of the Korean People's Army and Choe Hyon Tok, a member of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly. According to the AFP, seven persons in this group were executed by firing squad before thousands of spectators.
 
 1997ÀÇ ÀϺ» ±×¸®°í Çѱ¹ÀÇ °øÈ­±¹À¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ È®°íÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ÇÁ·¹½º º¸°í¼­µé¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé , ¸î¸î ¼±¹è ÆÄƼ °ü¸®µéÀÌ °øÀûÀ¸·Î 1997 9¿ù¿¡ óÇüµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù . Kyodo ´º½º ³×Æ®¿öÅ©°¡ º¸°íÇß½À´Ï´Ù Seo Kwan Hui , KWPÀ» À§ÇÑ ³ó¾÷ÀÇ ºñ¼­ , ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ 17 °í°üµé , ±ºÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×¸®°í Kim IlÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾à°£À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÕ´Ï´Ù »çȸÁÖÀÇ(ÀÇ) ÀþÀ½ ¸®±×¸¦ ºÎ¸£°í , Ÿ¶ôÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ½ÇÇàµÇ¾ú°í ±×¸®°í Çѱ¹À» À§ÇÏ¿© ÀÏÇÕ´Ï´Ù . 1998 Agence France-Presse ( AFP )큖킕(¬á) º¸°íÇÏ°í that ±×µéÀÇ °¡¿îµ¥ ½ÇÇàµË´Ï´Ù Çѱ¹(ÀÇ) »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ±º ±×¸®°í Choe Hyon TokÀÇ Á¤Ä¡±¹ , ÃÖ°íÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÇȸÀÇ ÇÏ¿ø ¿Ü±³ À§¿øȸÀÇ È¸¿øÀ» ¿î¿µÇÏ´Â four-star ÀÏ¹Ý À̾ú½À´Ï´Ù . AFP¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé , ÀÌ ±×·ì¾ÈÀÇ ÀÏ°ö »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Á¶ÃÑ´ë °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ ¼öõÀÇ ±¸°æ²ÛµéÀü¿¡ óÇüµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 In December a South Korean newsmagazine quoted a defector as stating that in 1999 in the city of Hyesan, on the border with China, the military had publicly executed 19 residents, secretly killed over 20 persons, and imprisoned 600. The targets of the purge were frequent travelers to China and opium addicts.
 
 12¿ù¿¡ ³²ÇÑ newsmagazineÀÌ Áß±¹°ú ÇÔ²² ÀÖ´Â °æ°èÀ§¿¡ , HyesanÀÇ µµ½Ã¾È¿¡(¼­) 1999¿¡ Àú°ÍÀ» ¸»Çϸ鼭 Å»´çÀÚ¸¦ ÀοëÇÏ°í , ±º´ë°¡ °øÀûÀ¸·Î 19 °ÅÁÖÀÚµéÀ» óÇüÇß°í , secretly´Â 20 »ç¶÷µéÀ§¿¡ Á×ÀÌ°í , ±×¸®°í 600¸¦ Åõ¿ÁÇß½À´Ï´Ù . Á¤È­ÀÇ Å¸°ÙµéÀÌ Áß±¹ ±×¸®°í ¾ÆÆí Áßµ¶ÀÚµé·Î ÀÚÁÖ ÀϾ´Â travelers À̾ú½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 Another South Korean newsmagazine reported that there were at least 20 public executions during 1997 either for economic offenses, including stealing cattle and electric wire, or for attempting to defect. Amnesty International (AI) reported in January 1997 that at least 23 persons had been executed publicly between 1970 and 1992 for offenses that reportedly included "banditry" and "stealing rice from a train." Government officials reportedly told AI in 1995 that only one or two executions had taken place since 1985.
 
 ´Ù¸¥ ÇϳªÀÇ ³²ÇÑ newsmagazineÀº ¼Ò¸¦ ÈÉÄ¡´Â °Í , °æÁ¦ÀûÀÎ À§¹ÝµéÀ» À§ÇÑ 1997 ¾î´À Âʵµµ¿¾ÈÀÇ Àû¾îµµ 20 °ø°øÀÇ ½ÇÇàµé ±×¸®°í Àü¼±ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í º¸°íÇß½À´Ï´Ù , , ¶ÇÇÑ ¹è½ÅÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© . ±¹Á¦ »ç¸é À§¿øȸ ( ÀΰøÁö´É ) 1997 1¿ù¿¡ Àû¾îµµ 23 »ç¶÷µéÀÌ 1970 ±×¸®°í 1992»çÀÌ¿¡(¼­) °øÀûÀ¸·Î ÀüÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé " °­µµ ÇàÀ§ " Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â À§¹Ýµé·Î óÇüµÇ¾ú´Ù°í º¸°íÇß½À´Ï´Ù ±×¸®°í " ±âÂ÷¿¡¼­ ½ÒÀ» ÈÉĨ´Ï´Ù . " Á¤ºÎ Á÷¿øµéÀº 1995ÀÇ ÀΰøÁö´É¿¡°Ô ÀüÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ´ÜÁö ÇϳªÀÇ , ¶ÇÇÑ µÎ ½ÇÇàµéÀÌ 1985ÀÌ·¡·Î ¹ß»ý ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¸»Çß½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 North Korean officials informed AI in 1995 that Japanese citizens Cho Ho Pyong, his ethnic Japanese wife Koike Hideko, and their three young children were killed by the authorities in 1972 while attempting to leave the country. The authorities told AI that Cho escaped from a detention center where he was being held for spying and killed a guard in the escape.
 
 ºÏÇÑ °ü¸®µéÀº 1995 Àú ÀϺ» ½Ã¹Îµé¾È¿¡(¼­) ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀ» ¾Ë¸³´Ï´Ù Cho Ho Pyong , ±×ÀÇ À̱³µµÀÇ ÀϺ» ¾Æ³» Koike Hideko , ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ ¼¼ ¾î¸° ¾ÆÀ̵éÀº 1972¿¡ ´ç±¹ °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ ³ª¶ó¸¦ ¶°³ª·Á°í ½ÃµµÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È »ìÇØ´çÇß½À´Ï´Ù . ´ç±¹Àº ÀΰøÁö´É¿¡°Ô Cho°¡ ±×°¡ Á¤ÂûÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ÀâÈ÷°í ÀÖ°í ±×¸®°í Å»Ãâ¾È¿¡(¼­) °æºñ¿øÀ» Á×À̾îÁö´Â °­Á¦ ¼ö¿ë¼Ò¿¡¼­ µµ¸Á°¡´Â °ÍÀ» ¸»Çß½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 b. Disappearance
 
 B . »ç¶óÁü
 
 The Government reportedly is responsible for cases of disappearance. According to defector reports, individuals suspected of political crimes often are taken from their homes by state security officials late at night and sent directly, without trial, to camps for political prisoners. There also have been reports of past DPRK involvement in the kidnaping abroad of South Koreans, Japanese, and other foreigners. In 1995 the Japanese press estimated that as many as 20 Japanese may have been kidnaped and detained in North Korea. According to Japanese government officials, these abductions took place between 1977 and 1983. In addition several suspected cases of kidnaping, hostage-taking, and other acts of violence apparently intended to intimidate ethnic Koreans living in China and Russia have been reported. There were unconfirmed reports that North Korean agents kidnaped a South Korean citizen, Reverend Dongshik Kim, in China and took him to North Korea in January. There is credible evidence that the DPRK Government may have been involved in the July 1995 abduction of a South Korean citizen working in China as a missionary. This missionary subsequently appeared publicly in North Korea and was portrayed as a defector. The DPRK denies that it has been involved in kidnapings.
 
 Á¤ºÎ°¡ ÀüÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é »ç¶óÁüÀÇ ÄÉÀ̽ºµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù . Å»´çÀÚ º¸°í¼­µé¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé , Á¤Ä¡ ¹üÁ˵éÀÇ ÀǽɵǴ °³ÀεéÀº Á¤Ä¡¹üµéÀ» À§ÇÑ Ä·ÇÁµé¿¡ ½Ãµµ¾øÀÌ , ¹ã¿¡(¼­) ´Ê°Ô »óÅ ¿· ±×µéÀÇ Áýµé·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¾Á¾ ¾ÈÀü °ü¸®µéÀÌ °¡Á®´Ù ÁÖ¾îÁö°í ±×¸®°í , Á÷Á¢ º¸³»Á³½À´Ï´Ù . °Å±â ¶ÇÇÑ ³²ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé , ÀϺ»ÀÎ , ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ¿Ü±¹ÀεéÀÇ ÇØ¿Ü¿¡¼­ À¯±«ÇÏ´Â °Í¾ÈÀÇ °ú°Å DPRK ¿¬·çÀÇ º¸°í¼­µé À̾ú½À´Ï´Ù . 1995¿¡ ÀϺ» ÇÁ·¹½º´Â 20 ´ë´Ù¼ö ÀϺ»ÀÎÀÌ À¯±«ÇØÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í Æò°¡ÇÏ°í ±×¸®°í ºÏÇѾȿ¡(¼­) Áöü½ÃÄ×½À´Ï´Ù . ÀϺ» Á¤ºÎ Á÷¿øµé¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé , À̵é À¯±«µéÀÌ 1977 ±×¸®°í 1983»çÀÌÀÇ ¹ß»ý Çß½À´Ï´Ù . Ãß°¡¾È¿¡(¼­) À¯±«ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÇ ¸î¸î Àǽɽº·¯¿î ÄÉÀ̽ºµé , ÀÎÁúÀ» µ¥·Á°¡°í , ±×¸®°í ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô Áß±¹ ±×¸®°í ·¯½Ã¾Æ¾È¿¡(¼­) »ç´Â À̱³µµÀÇ Çѱ¹ÀεéÀ» Çù¹ÚÇÏ·Á°í ÀǵµÇØÁø Æø·ÂÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ÇàÀ§µéÀÌ º¸°íµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù . °Å±â È®ÀεÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù ºÏÇÑ ´ë¸®ÀεéÀÌ , Áß±¹¾È¿¡(¼­) ³²ÇÑ ½Ã¹Î , Reverend Dongshik KimÀ» À¯±«ÇÏ°í ±×¸®°í ±×¸¦ ºÏÇÑ¿¡ 1¿ù¿¡ µ¥·Á°¬´Ù°í º¸°íÇÕ´Ï´Ù . DPRK Á¤ºÎ°¡ ¼±±³»ç Áß±¹¾È¿¡(¼­) ÀÏÇÏ´Â ³²ÇÑ ½Ã¹ÎÀÇ 1995 7¿ù À¯±«µé¿¡ °ü°èµÇ¾úÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â ¹ÏÀ» ¸¸ÇÑ Áõ°Å´Â ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù . ÀÌ ¼±±³»ç°¡ °è¼ÓÇÏ¿© °øÀûÀ¸·Î ºÏÇѾȿ¡(¼­) ³ªÅ¸³ª°í ±×¸®°í Å»´çÀÚ¶ó°í ¹¦»çµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù . DPRK´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ kidnapings¿¡ °ü°èµÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ºÎÁ¤ÇÕ´Ï´Ù .
 
 In November 1997, the South Korean Government arrested several alleged North Korean espionage agents. According to the South Korean Government's report on its investigation, those arrested claimed that three South Korean high school students, missing since 1978, had been kidnaped by the North Korean Government and trained as espionage agents. The three were identified as Kim Young Nam, who disappeared from Son Yu beach, and Yi Myong U and Hong Kyun Pyo, both of whom disappeared from Hong To island beach. According to those arrested, there were several other kidnapings in the late 1970's and early 1980's.
 
 1997 11¿ù¿¡ , ³²ÇÑ Á¤ºÎ°¡ ¸î¸î ÁÖÀåµÇ´Â ºÏÇÑ Ã¸º¸ È°µ¿ ´ë¸®ÀεéÀ» üÆ÷Çß½À´Ï´Ù . ±×°ÍÀÇ Á¶»çÀ§ ³²ÇÑ Á¤ºÎÀÇ º¸°í¼­¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé , ²ø¸®´Â ±×µéÀº 1978ÀÌ·¡·Î ³õÄ¡´Â , ¼¼ ³²ÇÑ °íµîÇб³ ÇлýµéÀÌ ºÏÇÑ Á¤ºÎ °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ , À¯±«ÇØÁ³´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ°í ±×¸®°í øº¸ È°µ¿ ´ë¸®Àεé·Î¼­ ÈÆ·ÃÇß½À´Ï´Ù . ¼ÂÀÌ ¾Æµé Yu Çغ¯À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ »ç¶óÁö´Â , Kim ¾î¸° Nam¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» È®ÀÎÇØÁ³½À´Ï´Ù , ±×¸®°í Yi Myong U ±×¸®°í ¾çÂÊÀÇ HongÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼¶ Çغ¯À¸·Î »ç¶óÁø , Hong Kyun Pyo . ²ø¸®´Â ±×µé¿¡ , ´ÊÀº °Í¾È¿¡(¼­) ´Ù¸¥ ¸î¸î kidnapings°¡ µû¸¥ °ÍÀ̾ú½À´Ï´Ù 1970³â´ë ±×¸®°í ÀÏÂï 1980³â´ë .
 
 AI reports detail a number of cases of disappearances including that of Japanese citizen Shibata Kozo and his wife Shin Sung Suk, who left Japan in 1960 and resettled in North Korea. The authorities reportedly arrested Shibata in 1962 after he encouraged a demonstration by former Japanese residents protesting the poor treatment given them. In 1993 AI claimed that he was still in custody and in poor health and that there had been no word about his wife and three children since 1965. In 1995 North Korean officials informed AI that Shibata Kozo, his wife, and children died in a train accident in early 1990, a few weeks after he was released from nearly 30 years in prison. However, AI reports that Shibata Kozo was still in custody at the time of the alleged accident.
 
 ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀÌ ¼¼ºÎ¸¦ º¸°íÇÕ´Ï´Ù ÀϺ» ½Ã¹Î Shibata KozoÀÇ Àú°Í ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ³» Á¤°­ÀÌ »ç¶óÁüµéÀÇ ¸¹Àº ÄÉÀ̽ºµé 1960¿¡ ÀϺ»À» ¶°³ª°í ±×¸®°í ºÏÇѾȿ¡(¼­) ´Ù½Ã ÀÚ¸®ÀâÀº , Suk¸¦ ºÎ¸¨´Ï´Ù . ´ç±¹Àº ±×°¡ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¹Þ´Â °¡³­ÇÑ ´ë¿ì¿¡ Ç×ÀÇÇÏ´Â ¾ÕÀÇ ÀϺ» °ÅÁÖÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇÏ¿© ½ÃÀ§¸¦ °Ý·ÁÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡ 1962¿¡ ÀüÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé Shibata¸¦ üÆ÷Çß½À´Ï´Ù . 1993¿¡ ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀº ±×°¡ º¸È£¾È¿¡(¼­) ±×¸®°í °¡³­ÇÑ °Ç°­¾È¿¡(¼­) Á¶¿ëÇÏ°í ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ³» ±×¸®°í 1965ÀÌ·¡ÀÇ ¼¼ ¾ÆÀ̵鿡 °üÇÑ ¾î¶² ´Ü¾î°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß½À´Ï´Ù . 1995 ºÏÇÑ °ü¸®µé¾È¿¡(¼­) ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀ» ¾Ë·ÁÁý´Ï´Ù Shibata Kozo , ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ³» , ±×¸®°í ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÌ ±âÂ÷ »ç°í¾È¿¡(¼­) ÀÏÂï 1990¿¡ Á×°í , ±×´ÙÀ½ ¸î¸îÀÇ ÁÖµéÀº °ÅÀÇ 30 ³âµé¿¡¼­ °¨¿Á¾È¿¡(¼­) Ç®¾îÁÖ¾îÁ³½À´Ï´Ù . ÇÏÁö¸¸ , ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀº Shibata Kozo°¡ ÁÖÀåµÇ´Â »ç°í¸¦ º¸È£¾È¿¡(¼­) Á¶¿ëÇß´Ù°í º¸°íÇÕ´Ï´Ù .
 
 The cases of three ethnic Korean residents of Beijing, China (16, 18, and 20 years of age), reported by AI in 1995 to have been taken to North Korea against their will, remained unresolved. The three were taken in apparent retaliation for criticism in the Japanese media of North Korean human rights violations made by their father, a former prisoner in North Korea. The North Korean authorities deny this allegation, claiming that the three brothers were deported to North Korea for breaking Chinese law and that they are now living with relatives.
 
 ºÏ°æÀÇ ¼¼ À̱³µµÀÇ Çѱ¹(ÀÇ) °ÅÁÖÀÚµéÀÇ ÄÉÀ̽ºµé , Áß±¹ ( 16 , 18 , ±×¸®°í ³ªÀÌÀÇ 20 ³âµé ) , 1995¿¡ ÀΰøÁö´É¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ºÏÇÑÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀÇ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ¿© °¡Á®Áö±â À§ÇÏ¿© º¸°íµÇ´Â °ÍÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ°í , Ç®¸®Áö ¾Ê¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù . ±×µéÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö , ºÏÇѾÈÀÇ ¾ÕÀÇ Á˼ö¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¸¸µé¾îÁ®¼­ ¼ÂÀÌ ºñÆòÀ¸·Î ºÐ¸íÇÑ º¸º¹¾È¿¡(¼­) ºÏÇÑ À뱂 À§¹ÝµéÀÇ ÀϺ» ¸Åü¾È¿¡(¼­) »ý°¢µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù . ¼¼ ÇüÁ¦µéÀÌ ºÏÇÑÀ¸·Î Áß±¹ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¹ýÀ» ±ú´Â °ÍÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© Ãß¹æµÇ¾ú°í ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÌ Áö±Ý ģôµé°ú ÇÔ²² »ì°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇϸ鼭 , ºÏÇÑ ´ç±¹Àº ÀÌ Áø¼úÀ» ºÎÁ¤ÇÕ´Ï´Ù .
 
 Numerous reports indicate that ordinary citizens are not allowed to mix with foreigners, and AI has reported that a number of North Koreans who maintained friendships with foreigners have disappeared. In at least one case, AI reported that a citizen who had disappeared was executed for maintaining a friendship with a Russian national.
 
 ¸¹Àº º¸°í¼­µéÀÌ º¸ÅëÀÇ ½Ã¹ÎµéÀÌ ¿Ü±¹Àεé°ú ¼¯ÀÎ °ÍÀÌ Çã¶ôµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»°í , ±×¸®°í ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀº ¸¹Àº ºÏÂÊ Çѱ¹ÀÎµé ¿Ü±¹Àεé°ú ÇÔ²² ÀÖ´Â ¿ìÁ¤µéÀÌ »ç¶óÁø´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù°í º¸°íÇß½À´Ï´Ù . Àû¾îµµ ÇϳªÀÇ ÄÉÀ̽º¾È¿¡(¼­) , ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀº »ç¶óÁø ½Ã¹ÎÀÌ ·¯½Ã¾Æ ±¹¹Î°ú ÇÔ²² ÀÖ´Â ¿ìÁ¤À» À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î óÇüµÈ´Ù°í º¸°íÇß½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 c. Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
 
 C . ¹«ÀÚºñÇÑ , ³ÃȤÇÑ °í¹® ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ °Í , , ¶ÇÇÑ Ç°À§¸¦ ¶³¾î¶ß¸®´Â ´ë¿ì , ¶ÇÇÑ Çü¹ú
 
 While there is no information on recent practices, credible reports indicate that prisoners are mistreated and that many have died from disease, starvation, or exposure.
 
 ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ¿¬½ÀµéÀ§ ¾î¶² Á¤º¸°¡ ¾ø´Â µ¿¾È , ¹ÏÀ» ¸¸ÇÑ º¸°í¼­µéÀº Á˼öµéÀÌ ÇдëÇØÁö°í ±×¸®°í ´ë´Ù¼ö°¡ º´ , ±â¾Æ·Î Á×¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³ªÅ¸³À´Ï´Ù , , ¶ÇÇÑ ³ëÃâ .
 
 In 1998 a Polish newspaper reported the experiences of a woman who spent 10 years in a North Korean concentration camp before fleeing first to China and then to South Korea. The approximately 1,800 inmates in this particular camp typically worked 16 to 17 hours per day. The woman reported severe beatings, torture involving water forced into a victim's stomach with a rubber hose and pumped out by guards jumping on a board placed across the victim's abdomen, and chemical and biological warfare experiments allegedly conducted on inmates by the army. South Korean media reported that the DPRK State Security Agency manages the camps through use of forced labor, beatings, torture, and public executions.
 
 1998¿¡ Æú¶õµå ½Å¹®ÀÌ ºÏÇÑ °­Á¦ ¼ö¿ë¼Ò¾È¿¡(¼­) 10 ³âµé¿¡ ù¹ø° Áß±¹À¸·Î ±×¸®°í ±× ¶§ Çѱ¹À¸·Î ´Þ¾Æ³ª±â Àü¿¡ ¾²´Â ¿©¼ºÀÇ °æÇèµéÀ» º¸°íÇß½À´Ï´Ù . ÀÌ Æ¯º°ÇÑ Ä·ÇÁ¾ÈÀÇ ´ë·« 1,800 ÇǼö¿ëÀÚµéÀÌ ³¯´ç 16 to 17 ½Ã°£µé¿¡ ÀüÇüÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÏÇß½À´Ï´Ù . ¿©¼ºÀÌ ¾ö°ÝÇÑ ¶§¸²µé , Èñ»ýÀÚÀÇ À§¾ÈÀ¸·Î °í¹« È£½º¸¦ °¡Áö°í °­¿äÇÏ°í ±×¸®°í Èñ»ýÀÚÀÇ ¹è¸¦ °¡·ÎÁú·¯ ³õ¿©Áö´Â ÆÇÀ§¿¡ ¶Ù¾î¿À¸£´Â °æºñ¿øµé¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÆÛ³»Áö´Â ¹°À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â °í¹®À» º¸°íÇÏ°í , ±×¸®°í È­ÇÐÀü ±×¸®°í ¼¼±Õ ½ÇÇèµéÀº ±º °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ ÇǼö¿ëÀÚµéÀ§¿¡ ÁÖÀåÇÑ ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ¼öÇàÇß½À´Ï´Ù . ³²ÇÑ ¸Åü´Â DPRK ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¾ÈÀü ±â°üÀÌ °­¿äµÇ´Â ³ëµ¿ÀÇ »ç¿ë , ¶§¸²µé , °í¹®À» ÅëÇØ Ä·ÇÁµéÀ» ¿î¿µÇÑ´Ù°í º¸°íÇß½À´Ï´Ù , ±×¸®°í °ø°øÀÇ ½ÇÇàµé .
 
 Prison conditions are harsh. International nongovernmental organizations (NGO's) and defector sources report that whole families, including children, are imprisoned together. "Reeducation through labor" is common punishment, consisting of forced labor, such as logging and tending crops, under harsh conditions. A small number of persons who claimed to have escaped from detention camps reported that starvation and executions are common. In one prison, clothing reportedly was issued only once in 3 years. AI reported the existence of "punishment cells," too low to allow standing upright and too small for lying down flat, where prisoners are kept for up to several weeks for breaking prison rules. Visitors to North Korea reported that they observed prisoners being marched in leg irons, metal collars, or shackles.
 
 °¨¿Á Á¶°ÇµéÀÌ °ÅĨ´Ï´Ù . ±¹Á¦ nongovernmental Á¶Á÷µé ( NGOÀÇ ) ±×¸®°í Å»´çÀÚ ÃâóµéÀº ¾ÆÀ̵éÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â , Àüü °¡Á·µéÀÌ ÇÔ²² , Åõ¿ÁµÈ´Ù°í º¸°íÇÕ´Ï´Ù . " ³ëµ¿À» ÅëÇÑ Reeducation " ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ Çü¹ú ÀÔ´Ï´Ù , ¹ú¸ñ°ú °°Àº , °­¿äµÈ ³ëµ¿À¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁý´Ï´Ù ±×¸®°í °ÅÄ£ Á¶°Çµé¾Æ·¡¿¡ , ¼öÈ®¹°µéÀ» µ¹º¾´Ï´Ù . Æ÷·Î ¼ö¿ë¼Òµé¿¡¼­ µµ¸Á°£´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â ¾à°£ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±â¾Æ ±×¸®°í ½ÇÇàµéÀÌ °øÅëÀûÀ̶ó°í º¸°íÇß½À´Ï´Ù . ÇϳªÀÇ °¨¿Á¾È¿¡(¼­) , ¿ÊÀÌ ´ÜÁö ÇѶ§ ÀüÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé 3 ³âµé¿¡ À¯Æ÷½ÃÄÑÁ³½À´Ï´Ù . Á˼öµéÀÌ ¸î¸î ÁÖµé±îÁö À§·Î °¨¿Á ±ÔÄ¢µéÀ» ±ú´Â °ÍÀ» À§ÇÑ °ÍÀÎ °ÍÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ±æ·¯Áö´Â , Ç÷§À» ´¯´Â °ÍÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ¶È¹Ù·Î ¼­°í ±×¸®°í too1 ÀÛ°Ô ¼­ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» Çã¶ôÇϱ⿡ ³·°Ô , ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀº " Çü¹ú ¼¼Æ÷µé "톩 Á¸À縦 º¸°íÇß½À´Ï´Ù . ºÏÇÑ¿¡°ÔÀÇ ¼Õ´ÔµéÀº ´Ù¸® öµé , ±Ý¼Ó Ä®¶ó¾È¿¡(¼­) ±×µéÀÌ Á˼öµéÀÌ ÇàÁø½ÃÄÑÁö´Â °ÍÀ» °üÂûÇϰųª , , ¶ÇÇÑ ±¸¼ÓÇÑ´Ù°í º¸°íÇß½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 A former prison camp inmate who later defected to South Korea told the South Korean press that conditions in prison camps became more difficult as the food crisis worsened in the mid-1990's. With the food ration reduced to 23/4 ounces daily in 1996, 20 percent of the inmates in one camp died. Prisoners who tried to escape were publicly executed as a warning to others. Inmates were forced to find shelter in nearby mountains when authorities destroyed the camp's housing area in 1996 in anticipation of a visit by an international human rights group. The majority of prisoners in the camps were those who had contacted South Koreans, attempted to go to South Korea via China, those who studied abroad, and members of antigovernment groups.
 
 Çѱ¹À¸·Î ³ªÁß¿¡ ÀÌÅ»ÇÏ´Â ¾ÕÀÇ Æ÷·Î ¼ö¿ë¼Ò ÇǼö¿ëÀÚ´Â ³²ÇÑ ÇÁ·¹½º¿¡°Ô Æ÷·Î ¼ö¿ë¼Òµé¾ÈÀÇ Á¶°ÇµéÀÌ ½Ä·® À§±â°¡ mid-1990¾È¿¡(¼­) ¾ÇÈ­½Ãų ¶§ ´õ ¾î·Æ°Ô µÈ´Ù°í ¸»Çß½À´Ï´Ù . À½½Ä ¹è±Þ·®ÀÌ 23/4 ¿Â½ºµé¿¡ ¸ÅÀÏ 1996¿¡ ÁÙÀ̾ú½À´Ï´Ù , Á×¾îÁø ÇϳªÀÇ Ä·ÇÁ¾ÈÀÇ ÇǼö¿ëÀÚµéÀÇ 20 ÆÛ¼¾Æ® . µµ¸Á°¡·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇÏ´Â Á˼öµéÀÌ °øÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù¸¥ °Íµé¿¡ÀÇ °æ°í·Î óÇüµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù . ÇǼö¿ëÀÚµéÀº ´ç±¹ÀÌ Ä·ÇÁÀÇ ÁְŸ¦ Æı«ÇÒ ¶§ °¡±î¿î »êµé¾ÈÀÇ Çdz­Ã³¸¦ ãµµ·Ï °­¿ä´çÇß½À´Ï´Ù ±¹Á¦ À뱂 ±×·ì¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¹æ¹®À» 1996ÀÇ Áö¿ª . Áß±¹À» °æÀ¯ÇÏ´Â Çѱ¹À¸·Î °¡·Á°í ½ÃµµµÇ¾î¼­ , Ä·ÇÁµé¾ÈÀÇ Á˼öµéÀÇ °ú¹Ý¼ö°¡ ³²ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¿¬¶ôÇÑ ±×µé À̾ú½À´Ï´Ù , ÇØ¿Ü¿¡¼­ ¿¬±¸ÇÑ ±×µé , ±×¸®°í antigovernment ±×·ìµéÀÇ È¸¿øµé .
 
 In 1999 credible witnesses reported that prisoners held on the basis of their religious beliefs were treated worse than other inmates were. One witness, a former prison guard, reported that those believing in God were regarded as insane, as the authorities taught that "all religions are opiates." He recounted an instance in which a woman was kicked hard and left lying for days because a guard overheard her praying for a child who was beaten.
 
 1999 ¹ÏÀ» ¸¸ÇÑ ÁõÀεé¾È¿¡(¼­) ±×µéÀÇ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ¹ÏÀ½µéÀ» °í¼öÇØÁö´Â Á˼öµéÀÌ ´õ ³ª»Ú°Ô ´Ù¸¥ ÇǼö¿ëÀÚµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Â°Í º¸´Ù ´Ù·ç¾îÁø´Ù°í º¸°íÇß½À´Ï´Ù . ÇϳªÀÇ ÁõÀÎ , ¾ÕÀÇ °¨¿Á °æºñ¿øÀº , º¸°íÇß½À´Ï´Ù ±×µé ½ÅÀ» ¹Ï½À´Ï´Ù ´ç±¹ÀÌ Àú°ÍÀ» °¡¸£Ä¥ ¶§ , ¹ÌÄ£»ç¶÷À¸·Î °£ÁֵǾú½À´Ï´Ù " ¸ðµç Á¾±³µéÀº ¾ÆÆíÁ¦µé ÀÔ´Ï´Ù . " ±×´Â ¿©¼ºÀÌ ¿­½ÉÈ÷ Â÷ÀÌ°í ±×¸®°í ³¯µéµ¿¾È ±×³à°¡ ¸Â´Â ¾ÆÀ̸¦ ±â¿øÇÏ´Â °æºñ¿ø overheard ³õ¿©ÀÖ°Ô ³»¹ö·ÁµÎ¾îÁö´Â º¸±â¸¦ ´Ù½Ã °è»êÇß½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 The Government normally does not permit inspection of prisons by human rights monitors.
 
 Á¤ºÎ°¡ À뱂 ¸ð´ÏÅ͵鿡 ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î °¨¿ÁµéÀÇ Á¶»ç¸¦ Çã¶ôÇÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 d. Arbitrary Arrest, Detention, or Exile
 
 D . ÀÚÀÇÀû üÆ÷ , ÀúÁö , , ¶ÇÇÑ ¸Á¸í
 
 There are no restrictions on the ability of the Government to detain and imprison persons at will and to hold them incommunicado.
 
 ÇÒ °Í¿¡(¼­) »ç¶÷µéÀ» Áöü½ÃÅ°°í ±×¸®°í Åõ¿ÁÇÏ´Â ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀ» ¿¬¶ôÀÌ µÎÀýµÇ°Ô ÀâÀ» Á¤ºÎÀÇ ´É·ÂÀ§ ¾î¶² Á¦ÇѵéÀÌ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 Little information is available on criminal justice procedures and practices, and outside observation of the legal system has been limited to "show trials" for traffic violations and other minor offenses.
 
 ÀÛÀº Á¤º¸°¡ ¹üÁËÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ °úÁ¤µé ±×¸®°í ¿¬½ÀµéÀ§¿¡ ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù , ±×¸®°í ¹ýÀûÀÎ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ °üÂûÀÇ ¹Û¿¡(¼­) ±³Åë À§¹Ýµé ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ °æ¹üÁ˵éÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© " ¹ÎÁß ÀçÆǵé " Á¦ÇѵǾú½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 Family members and other concerned persons find it virtually impossible to obtain information on charges against detained persons. Judicial review of detentions does not exist in law or in practice.
 
 °¡Á· ȸ¿øµé ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ °ÆÁ¤ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Áöü½ÃÄÑÁø »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ¿© ¿ä±ÝµéÀ§ Á¤º¸¸¦ ½ÀµæÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» »ç½Ç»ó ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ÀúÁöµéÀÇ ÇÕÇå ½É»ç°¡ ¹ý¾È¿¡(¼­) , ¶ÇÇÑ ¿¬½À¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 Defectors claim that North Korea detains between 150,000 and 200,000 persons for political reasons, sometimes along with their family members, in maximum security camps in remote areas. An October 1992 report by two former inmates made reference to severe living conditions in what they called "concentration camps." North Korean officials deny the existence of such prison camps but admit that there are "education centers" for persons who "commit crimes by mistake."
 
 Å»´çÀÚµéÀº ºÏÇÑÀÌ ¶§¶§·Î ±×µéÀÇ °¡Á· ȸ¿øµé°ú ÇÔ²² , ¶³¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Â Áö¿ªµé¾ÈÀÇ ÃÖ´ëÀÇ ¾ÈÀü Ä·ÇÁµé¾È¿¡(¼­) , Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ÀÌÀ¯µé¶§¹®¿¡ 150,000 ±×¸®°í 200,000 »ç¶÷µé»çÀÌ¿¡(¼­) Áöü½ÃŲ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÕ´Ï´Ù . µÎ ¾ÕÀÇ ÇǼö¿ëÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇÑ 1992 10¿ù º¸°í¼­´Â ±×µéÀÌ ºÎ¸£´Â °Í¾È¿¡(¼­) ¾ö°ÝÇÑ »ì¾Æ ÀÖ´Â Á¶°Çµé¿¡ÀÇ ·¹ÆÛ·±½º¸¦ ¸¸µé¾ú½À´Ï´Ù " °­Á¦ ¼ö¿ë¼Òµé . " ºÏÇÑ °ü¸®µéÀÌ ±×·± Æ÷·Î ¼ö¿ë¼ÒµéÀÇ Á¸À縦 ºÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×·¯³ª »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§ÇÑ " ±³À° ¼¾Å͵é " ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÕ´Ï´Ù " ½Ç¼ö¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¹üÁ˵éÀ» ¹üÇÕ´Ï´Ù . "
 
 In 1991 a North Korean defector who had been a ranking official in the DPRK Ministry of Public Security said that there were two types of detention areas. One consists of closed camps where conditions are extremely harsh and from which prisoners never emerge. In the other, prisoners can be "rehabilitated."
 
 1991¿¡ °ø°øÀÇ ¾ÈÀüÀÇ DPRK ºÎ¾È¿¡(¼­) ÀÏ±Þ °ü¸® ÀÎ ºÏÇÑ Å»´çÀÚ´Â ÀúÁö Áö¿ªµéÀÇ µÎ ŸÀÔµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»Çß½À´Ï´Ù . Çϳª´Â Á¶°ÇµéÀÌ »ó´çÈ÷ °ÅÄ£ ¹ÐÆóÇÑ Ä·ÇÁµé·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁý´Ï´Ù ±×¸®°í ¾î¶² Á˼öµéÀÌ °áÄÚ ³ªÅ¸³ªÁö ¾Ê´ÂÁö·ÎºÎÅÍ . ´Ù¸¥ °Í¾È¿¡(¼­) , Á˼öµéÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù " ȸº¹ÇØÁ³½À´Ï´Ù . "
 
 One credible report lists a dozen political prisoner camps and approximately 30 forced labor and labor education camps in the DPRK. It is believed that some former high officials are imprisoned in the camps. Visitors formerly were allowed, but currently any form of communication with detainees, including visitors, is said to be prohibited.
 
 ÇϳªÀÇ ¹ÏÀ» ¸¸ÇÑ º¸°í¼­°¡ ´Ù½º Á¤Ä¡¹ü Ä·ÇÁµé ±×¸®°í ´ë·« 30 °­Á¦ÀûÀÎ ³ëµ¿µé ±×¸®°í DPRK¾ÈÀÇ ³ëµ¿ ±³À° Ä·ÇÁµéÀ» ±â·ÏÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ¾à°£ÀÇ ¾ÕÀÇ ³ôÀº °ü¸®µéÀÌ Ä·ÇÁµé¾ÈÀÇ Åõ¿ÁµÈ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾îÁý´Ï´Ù . ¼Õ´ÔµéÀÌ ÀÌÀü¿¡ Çã¶ôµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù , ±×·¯³ª ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î , ¼Õ´ÔµéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â Á¤Ä¡¹üµé°ú ÇÔ²² ÀÖ´Â Åë½ÅÀÇ ¾ó¸¶°£ÀÇ ÇüÅ , ±ÝÁöµÈ´Ù°í ¸»ÇØÁý´Ï´Ù .
 
 In mid-1999, an ethnic Korean with foreign citizenship was arrested for unauthorized contact with North Koreans. This person was detained for a month before being released.
 
 mid-1999¾È¿¡(¼­) , ÀÌÁúÀûÀÎ ½Ã¹Î±ÇÀ» °¡Áø À̱³µµÀÇ Çѱ¹ÀÎÀÌ ºÏÂÊ Çѱ¹Àξî¿Í ÇÔ²² ÀÖ´Â ±ÇÇѾø´Â Á¢ÃËÀ¸·Î üÆ÷µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù . ÀÌ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ´Þµ¿¾È Ç®¸®±â Àü¿¡ Áöü½ÃÄÑÁ³½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 In May 1998, a foreigner of Korean descent was detained and held incommunicado for nearly 3 months before he was finally released. In September 1998, another foreigner of Korean descent was held incommunicado for more than a month for an unspecified "violation of law" before being released and expelled from the country.
 
 1998 5¿ù¿¡ , Çѱ¹(ÀÇ) ÇÏ°­ÀÇ ¿Ü±¹ÀÎÀº ±×°¡ ¸¶Ä§³» ÇعæµÇ´Â °ÅÀÇ 3 ´Þµéµ¿¾È Áöü½ÃÄÑÁö°í ±×¸®°í ¿¬¶ôÀÌ µÎÀýµÇ°Ô °í¼öÇß½À´Ï´Ù .1998 9¿ù¿¡ , Çѱ¹(ÀÇ) ÇÏ°­ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ÇϳªÀÇ ¿Ü±¹ÀÎÀÌ Ç®¸®±â Àü¿¡ Ưº°È÷ Áö½ÃÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í " ¹ýÀÇ À§¹ÝÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© " ÀÌ»ó ´Þµ¿¾È ¿¬¶ôÀÌ µÎÀýµÇ°Ô ÀâÈ÷°í ±×¸®°í ³ª¶ó¿¡¼­ ¹æÃâµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 South Korean newspapers reported in 1997 that family members of North Korean defector Hwang Chang Yop, former head of the Juche Research Institute, and a senior advisor to Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il, who defected to South Korea in that year, either were under house arrest or incarcerated in political prisons. However, visiting foreigners have seen some members of his family.
 
 ³²ÇÑ ½Å¹®µéÀº 1997 ºÏÇÑ Å»´çÀÚ Hwang Chang YopÀÇ Àú °¡Á· ȸ¿øµé , Juche ¿¬±¸¼ÒÀÇ ¾ÕÀÇ ¸Ó¸®¾È¿¡(¼­) º¸°íÇÕ´Ï´Ù , ±×¸®°í Kim IlÀ¸·Î °¡´Â ¼±¹è advisor ³ë·¡ÇØÁý´Ï´Ù ±×¸®°í , Çѱ¹À¸·Î Àú ³â¿¡ ÀÌÅ»ÇÏ´Â Kim Jong Il , ¾î´À Âʵµ´Â ÀÚÅà °¨±Ý¾Æ·¡¿¡ Àְųª , ¶ÇÇÑ Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ °¨¿Áµé¾È¿¡(¼­) °¨±ÝÇß½À´Ï´Ù . ÇÏÁö¸¸ , ¿Ü±¹ÀεéÀ» ¹æ¹®ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ±×ÀÇ °¡Á·ÀÇ ¾à°£ÀÇ È¸¿øµéÀ» º¸¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 In March 1999, North Korean officials in Thailand tried to detain a Bangkok-based North Korean diplomat, Hong Sun Gyong, and his family. Hong and his wife escaped from their abductors and then requested asylum. Their son was taken to Laos by North Korean officials but subsequently was allowed to rejoin his parents in Thailand.
 
 1999 3¿ù¿¡ , Bangkok-based ºÏÇÑÀÎ ¿Ü±³°ü , Hong žç Gyong , ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ °¡Á·À» Áöü½ÃÅ°·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇØÁø Thailand¾ÈÀÇ ºÏÇÑ °ü¸®µé . Hong ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ³»°¡ ±×µéÀÇ À¯±«Àڵ鿡¼­ µµ¸Á°¡°í ±×¸®°í ±× ¶§ º¸È£ ½Ã¼³À» ¿äûÇß½À´Ï´Ù . ±×µéÀÇ ¾ÆµéÀÌ ºÏÇÑ °ü¸®µé¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Laos¿¡ µ¥·Á°¡ÁöÁö¸¸ ±×·¯³ª °è¼ÓÇÏ¿© Thailand¾È¿¡(¼­) ±×ÀÇ ºÎ¸ðµéÀ» Àç°áÇÕÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Çã¶ôµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 The Government is not reported to use forced exile. However, the Government routinely uses forced resettlement and has relocated many tens of thousands of persons from Pyongyang to the countryside. Although disabled veterans are treated extremely well, there are also reports that other physically disabled persons and those judged to be politically unreliable have been sent to internal exile. Often those relocated are selected on the basis of family background. Nonetheless, there is some evidence that class background is less important than in the past because of the regime's emphasis on the solidarity of the "popular masses" and united front efforts with overseas Koreans. According to unconfirmed September 1997 foreign press reports, some 500 senior officials were sent into internal exile.
 
 Á¤ºÎ°¡ °­Á¦ÀûÀÎ ¸Á¸íÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸°íµÇÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù . ÇÏÁö¸¸ , Á¤ºÎ°¡ ÀÏ»óÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÕ´Ï´Ù ÀÌÁÖ¸¦ °­¿äµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù ±×¸®°í ´ë´Ù¼ö¸¦ Àç¹èÄ¡Çß½À´Ï´Ù ½Ã°ñ·Î °¡´Â Æò¾çÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ¼ö¸¸ÀÇ »ç¶÷µé . ¹«´É·ÂÇÏ°Ô µÈ º£Å׶ûµéÀÌ »ó´çÈ÷ °Ç°­ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ´Ù·ç¾îÁúÁö¶óµµ , ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù ¶ÇÇÑ Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö ¾ø°Ô ÆÇ´ÜµÈ ´Ù¸¥ ¹°¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ë±ÝÁöÀÇ »ç¶÷µé ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÌ ³»ÀçÀûÀÎ ¸Á¸í¿¡°Ô º¸³»Á³´Ù°í º¸°íÇÕ´Ï´Ù . °¡Á· ¹è°æÀ» Á¾Á¾ ±×µéÀÌ Àç¹èÄ¡Çß½À´Ï´Ù ¼±Åõ˴ϴ٠. ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í , Àú ¿ì¼öÇÑ ¹è°æÀÌ °ú°Å¿¡ " ´ëÁßÀûÀÎ ´ëÁßµéÀÇ ´Ü°áÀ§ Á¦µµÀÇ °­Á¶¶§¹®¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» Àû°Ô Áß¿äÇÑ ¾à°£ÀÇ Áõ°Å´Â ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù " ±×¸®°í ¾Õ ³ë·ÂµéÀ» ÇØ¿Ü Çѱ¹Àξî¿Í ÅëÇÕÇß½À´Ï´Ù . È®°íÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº 1997 9¿ù ÀÌÁúÀûÀÎ ÇÁ·¹½ºµé ÀÎ °Í¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é º¸°íÇÕ´Ï´Ù , ¾à°£ 500 °í°üµéÀÌ ³»ÀçÀûÀÎ ¸Á¸í¾ÈÀ¸·Î ¹Þ¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 e. Denial of Fair Public Trial
 
 E . °øÆòÇÑ °ø°øÀÇ ½ÃµµÀÇ ºÎÁ¤
 
 The Constitution states that courts are independent and that judicial proceedings are to be carried out in strict accordance with the law; however, an independent judiciary and individual rights do not exist. The Public Security Ministry dispenses with trials in political cases and refers defendants to the Ministry of State Security for imposition of punishment.
 
 ÄÚÆ®µéÀÌ µ¶¸³ÇÏ°í ±×¸®°í Àú »ç¹ýÀÇ ÁøÇàµéÀÌ ¾ö°ÝÇÑ accordance¾È¿¡(¼­) ¹ýÀ» °¡Áö°í Çس»Áö°Ô µÈ´Ù´Â Çå¹ý »óŵé ; ÇÏÁö¸¸ , µ¶¸³ÇÏ´Â »ç¹ýºÎ ±×¸®°í °³º°ÀûÀÎ ±Ç¸®µéÀº Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù . °ø°øÀÇ ¾ÈÀü ºÎ°¡ ½ÃµµµéÀ» Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ÄÉÀ̽ºµé¾È¿¡(¼­) ÇÊ¿ä¾ø°Ô ÇÏ°í ±×¸®°í ÇÇ°íµé¿¡°Ô ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¾ÈÀüÀÇ ºÎ¸¦ Çü¹úÀÇ ºÎ°ú¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© ã¾Æº¸µµ·Ï ÇÕ´Ï´Ù .
 
 The Constitution contains elaborate procedural protections, and it states that cases are heard in public, and that the accused has the right to a defense; hearings may be closed to the public as stipulated by law. When trials are held, lawyers are apparently assigned by the Government. Reports indicate that defense lawyers are not considered representatives of the accused; rather, they are expected to help the court by persuading the accused to confess guilt. Some reports note a distinction between those accused of political crimes and common criminals and state that the Government affords trials or lawyers only to the latter. The Government considers critics of the regime to be "political criminals."
 
 Çå¹ýÀÌ °øµéÀÎ ÀýÂ÷ÀûÀÎ º¸È£µéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í , ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº Àú ÄÉÀ̽ºµéÀÌ °ø°ø¿¬È÷ µé¸®°í , ±×¸®°í °í¼ÒÇÑ Àú°ÍÀÌ ¹æ¾î·Î °¡´Â ±Ç¸®¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÕ´Ï´Ù ; µè±âµéÀº ´ëÁßÀ¸·Î ¹ý °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ °è¾àÇßÀ» ¶§ ´ÝÈú ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù . ½ÃµµµéÀÌ °³ÃÖµÉ ¶§ , º¯È£»çµéÀº Á¤ºÎ °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô ÇÒ´çÇØÁý´Ï´Ù . º¸°í¼­µéÀº º¯È£ÀδܵéÀÌ °í¼Ò´çÇÑ ´ëÇ¥ÀÚµéÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³ªÅ¸³À´Ï´Ù ; Â÷¶ó¸® , ±×µéÀº À¯Á˸¦ °í¹éÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© °í¼Ò´çÇÑ ¼³µæÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÄÚÆ®¸¦ µ½´Â´Ù°í ±â´ëµË´Ï´Ù . ¾à°£ÀÇ º¸°í¼­µéÀº Á¤Ä¡ ¹üÁËµé ±×¸®°í ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¹üÀÎµé ±×¸®°í Á¤ºÎ°¡ ½Ãµµµé , ¶ÇÇÑ ÈÄÀÚ¿¡ÀÇ º¯È£»çµéÀ» °ø±ÞÇÑ´Ù´Â »óÅ·Π°í¼Ò´çÇÑ ±×µé»çÀÌÀÇ ±¸º°À» ¾ð±ÞÇÕ´Ï´Ù . Á¤ºÎ°¡ Á¦µµÀÇ ºñÆò°¡µéÀ» ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÕ´Ï´Ù " Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ¹üÀεé . "
 
 Numerous reports suggest that past political offenses have included such behavior as sitting on newspapers bearing Kim Il Sung's picture, or (in the case of a professor reportedly sentenced to work as a laborer) noting in class that Kim Il Sung had received little formal education. The KWP has a special regulation protecting the images of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il. All citizens are required by this regulation to protect from damage any likeness of the two Kims. Beginning in the 1970's, the 10 Great Principles of Unique Ideology directed that anyone who tore or otherwise defaced a newspaper photo of either of the two Kims was a political criminal and punished as such. Defectors have reported families being punished because children had accidentally defaced photographs of one of the two Kim's. Families must display pictures of the two Kim's in their homes, and if local party officials found the family had neglected its photos, the punishment was to write self-criticism throughout an entire year (see Section 1.f.).
 
 ¸¹Àº º¸°í¼­µéÀº °ú°Å Á¤Ä¡¹üµéÀÌ Kim Il SungÀÇ ±×¸²À» °¡Áö°í ¿À´Â ½Å¹®µé¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °Í ±×·± ÇൿÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇß´Ù°í Á¦¾ÈÇÕ´Ï´Ù , , ¶ÇÇÑ ( ÀüÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ³ëµ¿ÀÚ ÀÏÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¼±°íµÈ ±³¼ö¸¦ ) ³ë·¡ÇØÁö´Â Kim IlÀÌ ÀÛÀº Çü½ÄÀû ±³À°À» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â Ŭ·¡½º¾È¿¡(¼­) ¾ð±ÞÇÕ´Ï´Ù . KWPÀÌ Æ¯º°ÇÑ ±ÔÁ¤À» Kim IlÀÇ À̹ÌÁöµéÀ» º¸È£Çϵµ·Ï ÇÕ´Ï´Ù ³ë·¡ÇØÁý´Ï´Ù ±×¸®°í Kim Jong Il . ¸ðµç ½Ã¹ÎµéÀÌ µÎ KimsµéÀÇ ¾ó¸¶°£ÀÇ À¯»ç¸¦ ÇÇÇطκÎÅÍ º¸È£ÇÒ°ÍÀ» ÀÌ ±ÔÁ¤¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¿ä±¸µË´Ï´Ù . 1970³â´ë¿¡ ½ÃÀÛÇϸ鼭 , 10 À¯ÀÏÇÑ À̵¥¿Ã·Î±âÀÇ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¿øÄ¢µéÀÌ ÁöµµÇÕ´Ï´Ù Âõ¾îÁö´Â ´©±º°¡ , ¶ÇÇÑ ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ¹üÀÎ ÀÌ°í ±×¸®°í ±×·± ¹ú¹Þ´Â either µÎ KimsµéÀÇ ½Å¹® »çÁøÀÇ ¿Ü°üÀ» ¼Õ»óÇß½À´Ï´Ù . Å»´çÀÚµéÀº ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÌ ¿ì¿¬È÷ ÇϳªÀÇ µÎ KimµéÀÇ °ÍÀÇ »çÁøµéÀÇ ¿Ü°üÀ» ¼Õ»óÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡ ¹ú¹Þ´Â °¡Á·µéÀ» º¸°íÇß½À´Ï´Ù . °¡Á·µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ Áýµé¾È¿¡(¼­) µÎ KimµéÀÇ °ÍÀÇ ±×¸²µéÀ» Áø¿­ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ°í , ±×¸®°í Áö¹æ(ÀÇ) ÆÄƼ °ü¸®µéÀÌ °¡Á·ÀÌ ±×°ÍÀÇ »çÁøµéÀ» ¹«½ÃÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°ÔµÈ´Ù¸é , Çü¹úÀº ÀüüÀÇ ³â³»³» self-criticismÀ» ¾²´Â °Í À̾ú½À´Ï´Ù ( ºÎºÐÀ» º¾´Ï´Ù 1.f. ) .
 
 A foreigner hired to work on foreign broadcasts for the regime was imprisoned for 1 year without trial for criticizing the quality of the regime's foreign propaganda. He then was imprisoned for 6 more years (with trial) shortly after his release for claiming in a private conversation that his original imprisonment was unjust. While AI has listed 58 political prisoners by name, the total number of political prisoners being held is much larger. Several defectors and former inmates reported that the total figure is approximately 150,000, while South Korean authorities said the total figure is about 200,000.
 
 ¿Ü±¹ÀÎÀº ÀÌÁúÀûÀÎ ¹æ¼ÛµéÀ§¿¡ Á¦µµ°¡ ½Ãµµ¾øÀÌ 1 ³âµ¿¾È Á¦µµÀÇ ÀÌÁúÀûÀÎ ¼±ÀüÀÇ ÁúÀ» ºñÆòÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© Åõ¿ÁµÇ±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ÀÏÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ºô·ÁÁÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù . ±×´Â °ð ±×ÀÇ ÇعæÀÇ µÚ¿¡ ±×ÀÇ ¿À¸®Áö³¯ Åõ¿ÁÀÌ ºÒ°øÆòÇÑ °³ÀÎ ´ëÈ­¾È¿¡(¼­) ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ( ½Ãµµ¸¦ °¡Áö°í ) ´õ 6 ³âµéµ¿¾È ±× ¶§ Åõ¿ÁµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù . ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀÌ À̸§¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© 58 Á¤Ä¡¹üµéÀ» ±â·ÏÇÑ µ¿¾È , ÀâÈ÷´Â Á¤Ä¡¹üµéÀÇ Àüü ¼ö´Â ¸¹ÀÌ ´õ Å®´Ï´Ù . ¸î¸î Å»´çÀÚµé ±×¸®°í ¾ÕÀÇ ÇǼö¿ëÀÚµéÀº Àüü ±×¸²ÀÌ ³²ÇÑ ´ç±¹ÀÌ Àüü ±×¸²ÀÌ ´ë·« 200,000 À̶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È , ´ë·« 150,000 À̶ó°í º¸°íÇß½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 The South Korean Ministry of National Unification reported to its National Assembly in October 1997 that North Korea held more than 200,000 political prisoners in camps where many had frozen or starved to death, and that famine may have worsened conditions. The report went on to describe the camps as having no electricity or heating facilities. The report claimed that those who attempted to escape were executed immediately. Most camps are located in remote mountain or mining areas. Some reports indicated an increase in the number of political prisoners as North Koreans had begun to complain more openly about the failure of the Government's economic policies.
 
 ³²ÇÑ ÅëÀϺΰ¡ ±×°ÍÀÇ ±¹È¸¿¡¼­ ºÏÇÑÀÌ ´ë´Ù¼ö°¡ ±¾ÁÖ·Á ¾ó¾ú°Å³ª , ¶ÇÇÑ Á×À½¿¡ À̸£´Â Ä·ÇÁµé¾È¿¡(¼­) 200,000 ÀÌ»ó Á¤Ä¡¹üµéÀ» Àâ´Â´Ù´Â 1997 10¿ù¿¡ º¸°íÇß°í , ±×¸®°í Àú ±â±ÙÀº Á¶°ÇµéÀ» ¾ÇÈ­½ÃÄ×À» ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù . º¸°í¼­°¡ ¾î¶² Àü±â , ¶ÇÇÑ °¡¿­ ½Ã¼³µéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î Ä·ÇÁµéÀ» ¹¦»çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °è¼ÓÇß½À´Ï´Ù . º¸°í¼­´Â µµ¸Á°¡·Á°í ½ÃµµÇÏ´Â ±×µéÀÌ Áï½Ã ½ÇÇàµÈ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß½À´Ï´Ù . ¶³¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Â »ê¾È¿¡(¼­) ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Ä·ÇÁµéÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù , ¶ÇÇÑ Áö¿ªµéÀ» ä±¼ÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ¾à°£ÀÇ º¸°í¼­µéÀº ºÏÂÊ Çѱ¹ÀεéÀÌ ´õ °ø°ø¿¬ÇÏ°Ô Á¤ºÎÀÇ °æÁ¦ÀûÀÎ Á¤Ã¥µéÀÇ ½ÇÆп¡ ´ëÇØ ºÒÆòÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇßÀ» ¶§ Á¤Ä¡¹üµéÀÇ ¼ö¾ÈÀÇ Áõ°¡¸¦ °¡¸®Ä×½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 f. Arbitrary Interference with Privacy, Family, Home, or Correspondence
 
 F . »ç»ýÈ°À» °¡Áø ÀÚÀÇÀû °£¼· , °¡Á· , Áý , , ¶ÇÇÑ Åë½Å
 
 The Constitution provides for the inviolability of person and residence and the privacy of correspondence; however, the Government does not respect these provisions in practice. The regime subjects its citizens to rigid controls. The state leadership perceives most international norms of human rights, and especially individual rights, as alien social concepts subversive to the goals of the State and party. The Government relies upon an extensive, multilevel system of informers to identify critics and potential troublemakers. Whole communities sometimes are subjected to massive security checks. The possession of "reactionary material" and listening to foreign broadcasts are both considered crimes that may subject the transgressor to harsh punishments. In some cases, entire families are punished for alleged political offenses committed by one member of the family. For example, defectors have reported families being punished because children had accidentally defaced photographs of one of the two Kims. Families must display pictures of the two Kims in their homes, and must keep them clean. Local party officials have conducted unannounced inspections once a month, and if the inspectors found the family had neglected its photos, the punishment was to write self-criticism throughout an entire year (see Section 1.e.).
 
 Çå¹ýÀº »ç¶÷ÀÇ inviolability ±×¸®°í ÁÖ°Å¿¡ ´ëºñÇÕ´Ï´Ù ±×¸®°í Åë½ÅÀÇ »ç»ýÈ° ; ÇÏÁö¸¸ , Á¤ºÎ´Â ¿¬½À¾È¿¡(¼­) ÀÌµé °ø±ÞµéÀ» Á¸ÁßÇÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù . Á¦µµ ÁÖÁ¦µé À¶Å뼺 ¾ø´Â °Í¿¡ÀÇ ±×°ÍÀÇ ½Ã¹Îµé Á¶ÀýÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¸®´õ½ÊÀÌ ÀαÇÀÇ °¡Àå °¡Àå ±¹Á¦ Ç¥ÁصéÀ» Áö°¢ÇÕ´Ï´Ù , ±×¸®°í ƯÈ÷ °³º°ÀûÀÎ ±Ç¸®µé , ¿Ü±¹ÀÇ »çȸÀû °³³äµé ŸµµÇÏ°í »óÅ ±×¸®°í ÆÄƼÀÇ ¸ñÇ¥µé¿¡ . Á¤ºÎ°¡ ºñÆò°¡µé ±×¸®°í ÀáÀçÀûÀÎ ¸»½é²ÛµéÀ» È®ÀÎÇÒ Å뺸ÀÚµéÀÇ ³ÐÀº , multilevel ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÕ´Ï´Ù . Àüü °øµ¿Ã¼µéÀÌ ¶§¶§·Î ´ë±Ô¸ð º¸¾È °Ë»çµé¿¡ º¹Á¾½ÃÄÑÁý´Ï´Ù . " ¹Ýµ¿ÀûÀÎ ¹°Áú "톩 ¼ÒÀ¯ ±×¸®°í ÀÌÁúÀûÀÎ ¹æ¼Ûµé¿¡ ±Í¸¦ ±â¿ïÀÌ´Â °ÍÀº À§¹ÝÀÚ¿¡°Ô ¾öÇÑ Çü¹úµéÀ» °Þ°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¾çÂÊÀÇ ±íÀÌ »ý°¢ÇÑ ¹üÁ˵é ÀÔ´Ï´Ù . ¾à°£ÀÇ ÄÉÀ̽ºµé¾È¿¡(¼­) , ÀüüÀÇ °¡Á·µéÀº ÁÖÀåµÇ´Â Á¤Ä¡¹üµéÀÌ °¡Á·ÀÇ ÇϳªÀÇ È¸¿ø¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© Çå½ÅÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡ ¹ú¹Þ½À´Ï´Ù . ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é , Å»´çÀÚµéÀº ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÌ ¿ì¿¬È÷ ÇϳªÀÇ µÎ KimsµéÀÇ »çÁøµéÀÇ ¿Ü°üÀ» ¼Õ»óÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡ ¹ú¹Þ´Â °¡Á·µéÀ» º¸°íÇß½À´Ï´Ù . °¡Á·µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ Áýµé¾È¿¡(¼­) µÎ KimsµéÀÇ ±×¸²µéÀ» Áø¿­ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ°í , ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀ» ±ú²ýÇÏ°Ô ÇØ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù . Áö¹æ(ÀÇ) ÆÄƼ °ü¸®µéÀÌ ´ÞÀ» ÇѶ§ °ø¾ðµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº Á¶»çµé¿¡°Ô ¼öÇàÇÏ°í , ±×¸®°í Á¶»ç°üµéÀÌ °¡Á·ÀÌ ±×°ÍÀÇ »çÁøµéÀ» ¹«½ÃÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°ÔµÈ´Ù¸é , Çü¹úÀº ÀüüÀÇ ³â³»³» self-criticismÀ» ¾²´Â °Í À̾ú½À´Ï´Ù ( ºÎºÐÀ» º¾´Ï´Ù 1.e. ) .
 
 The Government monitors correspondence and telephones. Telephones essentially are restricted to domestic operation, although some international service is available on a very restricted basis.
 
 Á¤ºÎ°¡ Åë½Å ±×¸®°í ÀüÈ­µéÀ» ¸ð´ÏÅÍÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ÀüÈ­µéÀº ¾à°£ÀÇ ±¹Á¦ ¼­ºñ½º°¡ ¸Å¿ì Á¦ÇÑµÈ ±âÃÊÀ§¿¡ ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»Áö¶óµµ º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î , °¡Á¤ÀÇ ¿î¿µÀ¸·Î Á¦Çѵ˴ϴ٠.
 
 The Constitution provides for the right to petition. However, when an anonymous petition or complaint about state administration is submitted, the Ministries of State Security and Public Safety seek to identify the author through handwriting analysis. The suspected individual may be subjected to a thorough investigation and punishment.
 
 Çå¹ýÀÌ Åº¿øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿ÇÀº ´ëºñÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ÇÏÁö¸¸ , À͸íÀÇ Ã»¿ø , ¶ÇÇÑ »óÅ °ü¸®¿¡ °üÇÑ ºÒÆòÀÌ Á¦½ÃµÉ ¶§ , ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¾ÈÀü ±×¸®°í ´ëÁß ¾ÈÀüÀÇ ºÎµéÀº ÇÊÀû ºÐ¼®À» ÅëÇØ ÀúÀÚ¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÏ·Á°í ¾Ö¾¹´Ï´Ù . Àǽɽº·¯¿î °³ÀÎÀÌ Ã¶ÀúÇÑ Á¶»ç ±×¸®°í Çü¹ú¿¡ º¹Á¾½ÃÄÑÁú ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 The regime justifies its dictatorship with arguments derived from concepts of collective consciousness and the superiority of the collective over the individual, appeals to nationalism, and citations of "the juche idea." The authorities emphasize that the core concept of juche is "the ability to act independently without regard to outside interference." Originally described as "a creative application of Marxism-Leninism" in the national context, juche is a malleable philosophy reinterpreted from time to time by the regime as its ideological needs change and used by the regime as a "spiritual" underpinning for its rule.
 
 Á¦µµ°¡ Áý´ÜÀûÀÎ ÀÇ½Ä ±×¸®°í Áý´ÜÀÇ ¿ì¿ùÀÇ °³³äµé¿¡¼­ °³ÀÎÀ§¿¡ À¯·¡ÇÑ ³íÀïµéÀ» °¡Áö°í ±×°ÍÀÇ µ¶Àç±ÇÀ» Á¤´çÈ­ÇÕ´Ï´Ù , ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ¿¡ È£¼ÒÇÕ´Ï´Ù , ±×¸®°í Àοëµé of " juche ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î . " ´ç±¹Àº jucheÀÇ ÇÙ½É °³³äÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» °­Á¶ÇÕ´Ï´Ù " µ¶¸³ÀûÀ¸·Î °£¼·ÀÇ ¹Û¿¡(¼­) ÀÖ´Â °Í¿¡ »ó°ü¾øÀÌ ÇൿÇÒ ´É·Â . " ¿ø·¡ ±¹°¡ÀûÀÎ ¹®¸Æ¾È¿¡(¼­) " Marxism-LeninismÀÇ µ¶Ã¢ÀûÀÎ Àû¿ë " ¹¦»çµÇ¾î¼­ , juche´Â º¯Çϱ⠽¬¿î öÇÐÀÌ Á¦µµ °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ ¶§¶§·Î ±×°ÍÀÇ ±ÔÄ¢À» À§ÇÑ " Á¤½ÅÀûÀÌ°Ô " ÁöÁÖ Á¦µµ °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ º¯ÇÏ°í ±×¸®°í »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ±×°ÍÀÇ À̵¥¿Ã·Î±âÀÇ ÇÊ¿äµé ÀçÇؼ®ÇÏ´Â °Í À̾ú½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 As defined by Kim Il Sung, juche is a quasi-mystical concept in which the collective will of the people is distilled into a supreme leader whose every act exemplifies the State and society's needs. Opposition to such a leader, or to the rules, regulations, and goals established by his regime is thus in itself opposition to the national interest. The regime therefore claims a social interest in identifying and isolating all opposition.
 
 ³ë·¡ÇØÁö´Â Kim Il¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© Á¤ÀǵǾúÀ» ¶§ , juche´Â Áý´ÜÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÇÒ quasi-mystical °³³äÀÌ ¸ðµç ÇàÀ§°¡ »óÅ ±×¸®°í »çȸÀÇ ÇÊ¿äµéÀ» ¿¹½ÃÇÏ´Â ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¸®´õ¸¦ ¸¸µé¾îÁö´Â °Í ÀÔ´Ï´Ù . ±×·± ¸®´õ¿¡°ÔÀÇ ¹Ý´ë , , ¶ÇÇÑ ±ÔÄ¢µé , ±ÔÁ¤µé¿¡ , ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ Á¦µµ °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ È®¸³µÈ ¸ñÇ¥µéÀÌ ±×·¡¼­ º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ±¹°¡ÀûÀÎ Èï¹Ì¿¡ÀÇ ¹Ý´ë ÀÔ´Ï´Ù . Á¦µµ°¡ ±×·¡¼­ µ¿°¨ÇÏ°í ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç ¹Ý´ë¸¦ °Ý¸®ÇÏ´Â °Í¾ÈÀÇ »çȸÀû Èï¹Ì¸¦ ¿ä±¸ÇÕ´Ï´Ù .
 
 Since the late 1950's, the regime has divided society into three main classes: "Core," "wavering," and "hostile." These three classes are further subdivided into subcategories based on perceived loyalty to the Party and the leadership. Security ratings are assigned to each individual; according to some estimates, nearly half of the population is designated as either "wavering" or "hostile." These loyalty ratings determine access to employment, higher education, place of residence, medical facilities, and certain stores. They also affect the severity of punishment in the case of legal infractions. While there are signs that this rigid system has been relaxed somewhat in recent years--for example, children of religious practitioners are no longer automatically barred from higher education--it remains a basic characteristic of KWP political control.
 
 ´ÊÀºÈÄ·Î 1950's , Á¦µµ°¡ ¼¼ ÁÖ¿äÇÑ Å¬·¡½ºµé¾ÈÀÇ »çȸ¸¦ ³ª´©¾ú½À´Ï´Ù : " ÇÙ½É " , " Èçµé¸³´Ï´Ù " , ±×¸®°í " Àû´ëÇÏ°í . " ÀÌµé ¼¼ Ŭ·¡½ºµéÀÌ ¸Ö¸® ÆÄƼ¿¡ÀÇ Áö°¢ÇØÁö´Â Ã漺 ±×¸®°í ¸®´õ½Ê¿¡ ±â¹ÝÀ» µÐ subcategories·Î ¼¼ºÐµÇ¾îÁý´Ï´Ù . ¾ÈÀü Æò°¡µéÀº °¢ °³Àο¡ ÇÒ´çÇØÁý´Ï´Ù ; ¾à°£ÀÇ Æò°¡µé¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé , °ÅÀÇ ¾î´À Âʵµ·Î Àý¹ÝÀÇ Àα¸´Â Áö¸íµË´Ï´Ù " Èçµé¸³´Ï´Ù " , ¶ÇÇÑ " Àû´ëÇÏ°í . " À̵é Ã漺 Æò°¡µéÀÌ Á÷¾÷¿¡ÀÇ Á¢±ÙÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÏ°í , °íµî ±³À°Àº ÁÖ°Å , ÀÇÇÐ(ÀÇ) ½Ã¼³µé , ±×¸®°í Á¤È®ÇÑ °¡°ÔµéÀÇ , ³õ½À´Ï´Ù . ±×µéÀÌ ¶ÇÇÑ ¹ýÀûÀÎ infractions¸¦ Çü¹úÀÇ ¾ö°ÝÇÔ¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌĨ´Ï´Ù . ÀÌ ¿Ï°íÇÑ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ¾ó¸¶°£ ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ years-for ¿¹¾È¿¡(¼­) ´À½¼ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â Ç¥½ÃµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Â µ¿¾È , Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ °³¾÷ ÀÇ»çµéÀÇ ¾ÆÀ̵éÀº ´õ ÀÌ»ó ÀÚµ¿À¸·Î ´õ ³ôÀº education-it·ÎºÎÅÍ °¡·Î¸·È÷Áö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù KWPÀÇ ±âÃÊÀû Ư¡À¸·Î ³²¾ÆÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ Á¦¾î .
 
 Citizens with relatives who fled to South Korea at the time of the Korean War still appear to be classified as part of the "hostile class" in the DPRK's elaborate loyalty system. This subcategory alone encompasses a significant percentage of the population. One defector estimated that the class of those considered potentially hostile may comprise 25 to 30 percent of the population; others place the figure at closer to 20 percent. Members of this class are still subject to discrimination, although defectors report that their treatment has improved greatly in recent years.
 
 Çѱ¹À¸·Î Çѱ¹ ÀüÀïÀ» ´Þ¾Æ³­ ģôµé°ú ÇÔ²² ÀÖ´Â ½Ã¹ÎµéÀÌ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ " Àû´ëÇϴ Ŭ·¡½ºÀÇ ºÎºÐ ºÐ·ùµÇ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù " DPRKÀÇ °øµéÀÎ Ã漺 ½Ã½ºÅ۾ȿ¡(¼­) . ÀÌ subcategory°¡ È¥ÀÚ¼­ Àα¸ÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ¹éºÐÀ²À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ÇϳªÀÇ Å»´çÀÚ´Â ÀáÀçÀûÀ¸·Î Àû´ëÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢µÇ´Â ±×µéÀÇ Å¬·¡½º°¡ Àα¸ÀÇ 25 to 30 ÆÛ¼¾Æ®¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í Æò°¡Çß½À´Ï´Ù ; ´Ù¸¥ °ÍµéÀº 20 ÆÛ¼¾Æ® ÀÖ´Â °Í¿¡(¼­) ±×¸²À» ³õ½À´Ï´Ù . ÀÌ Å¬·¡½ºÀÇ È¸¿øµéÀº Å»´çÀÚµéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ´ë¿ì°¡ ´ë´ÜÈ÷ ÃÖ±Ù(¿¡) °³¼±µÇ¾ú´Ù°í º¸°íÇÒÁö¶óµµ , ½Äº°¿¡ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ÁÖÁ¦ ÀÔ´Ï´Ù .
 
 The authorities subject citizens of all age groups and occupations to intensive political and ideological indoctrination. Even after Kim Il Sung's death, his cult of personality and the glorification of his family and the official juche ideology remained omnipresent. The cult approaches the level of a state religion.
 
 ´ç±¹ ÁÖÁ¦ °­ÇÑ Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ±×¸®°í À̵¥¿Ã·Î±âÀÇ ÁÖÀÔ¿¡ÀÇ ¸ðµç ³ªÀÌ ±×·ìµé ±×¸®°í Á÷¾÷µéÀÇ ½Ã¹Îµé . ½ÉÁö¾î Kim Il SungÀÇ Á×À½ÀÇ µÚ¿¡ , ±×ÀÇ °¡Á·ÀÇ ¼º°Ý ±×¸®°í Âù¾ç ±×¸®°í °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ juche À̵¥¿Ã·Î±âÀÇ ±×ÀÇ ÄÃÆ®°¡ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¾îµð¿¡³ª ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù . ÄÃÆ® ¹æ¹ýµé ±¹±³ÀÇ ·¹º§ .
 
 The goal of indoctrination remains to ensure loyalty to the system and leadership, as well as conformity to the State's ideology and authority. The necessity for the intensification of such indoctrination repeatedly is stressed in the writings of Kim Jong Il, who attributes the collapse of the Soviet Union largely to insufficient ideological indoctrination, compounded by the entry of foreign influences.
 
 ÁÖÀÔÀÇ ¸ñÇ¥°¡ »óÅÂÀÇ À̵¥¿Ã·Î±â ±×¸®°í ±ÇÀ§·Î °¡´Â ºÎÇÕ»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó , ½Ã½ºÅÛ ±×¸®°í ¸®´õ½Ê¿¡ÀÇ Ã漺À» È®½ÇÈ÷ ÇÏ´Âä ³²¾ÆÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù . ±×·± ÁÖÀÔÀÇ °­È­¸¦ À§ÇÑ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ¹Ýº¹Çؼ­ ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ ºØ±«¸¦ , ´ëºÎºÐ ÀÌÁúÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâµéÀÇ ÀÔ±¸¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© º¹ÀâÇØÁø , ºÒÃæºÐÇÑ À̵¥¿Ã·Î±âÀÇ ÁÖÀÔ ¶§¹®À̶ó°í Kim Jong IlÀÇ ÀúÀÛµé¾È¿¡(¼­) »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù°í °­Á¶µË´Ï´Ù .
 
 Indoctrination is carried out systematically, not only through the mass media, but also in schools and through worker and neighborhood associations. Kim Jong Il has stated that ideological education must take precedence over academic education in the nation's schools, and he has also called for the intensification of mandatory ideological study and discussion sessions for adult workers.
 
 ÁÖÀÔÀÌ not only ¸Å½º ¹Ìµð¾îµµ ÅëÇØ , Á¶Á÷ÀûÀ¸·Î Çس»Áý´Ï´Ù , ±×·¯³ª ¶ÇÇÑ Çб³µé¾È¿¡(¼­) ±×¸®°í ³ëµ¿ÀÚ ±×¸®°í ÀÌ¿ô °ü·ÃµéÀ» ÅëÇØ . Kim Jong IlÀº Àú À̵¥¿Ã·Î±âÀÇ ±³À°ÀÌ ±¹°¡ÀÇ Çб³µé¾È¿¡(¼­) Çпø ±³À°À§¿¡ ¿ì¼±À» °¡Á®°¡¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ¸»Çß½À´Ï´Ù , ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ¾î¸¥À» À§ÇÏ¿© ¶ÇÇÑ À§ÀӵǴ À̵¥¿Ã·Î±âÀÇ ¿¬±¸ ±×¸®°í ÀÇ³í ¼¼¼ÇµéÀÇ °­È­¸¦ ¿ä±¸Çß½À´Ï´Ù ³ëµ¿ÀÚµé .
 
 Another aspect of the State's indoctrination system is the use of mass marches, rallies, and staged performances, sometimes involving hundreds of thousands of people. In September 1998, celebrations of the 50th anniversary of the founding of the DPRK included hours of carefully choreographed demonstration of mass adulation of the leadership. In October similar celebrations of the 55th anniversary of the KWP reportedly involved upwards of 1 million persons.
 
 ¶§¶§·Î ¸î ½Ê¸¸ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇϸ鼭 , »óÅÂÀÇ ÁÖÀÔ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ÇϳªÀÇ °üÁ¡ÀÌ ´ëÁß(ÀÇ) ÇàÁøµé , ÁýȸµéÀÇ »ç¿ë ÀÌ°í , ±×¸®°í ÆÛÆ÷¸Õ½ºµéÀ» ±âµµÇß½À´Ï´Ù . 1998 9¿ù , ¸®´õ½ÊÀÇ ´ëÁß(ÀÇ) ¾Æ÷ÀÇ ½ÅÁßÇÏ°Ô ¾È¹«µÈ ½ÃÀ§ÀÇ ½Ã°£µé¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÈ DPRKÀÇ ¼³¸³ÀÇ 50¹ø° ±â³äÀÏÀÇ ÃàÇϵé¾È¿¡(¼­) . 10¿ù¿¡ KWPÀÇ 55¹ø° ±â³äÀÏÀÇ À¯»çÇÑ ÃàÇϵéÀÌ À§ÂÊÀ¸·Î ÀüÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé 1 ¹é¸¸ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Æ÷ÇÔÇß½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 Section 2 Respect for Civil Liberties, Including:
 
 ºÎºÐ 2 ½Ã¹ÎÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯µéÀ» À§ÇÑ °æÀÇ , :
 
 a. Freedom of Speech and Press
 
 . ¾ð·ÐÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ ±×¸®°í ´©¸¨´Ï´Ù
 
 Although the Constitution provides for freedom of speech and the press, the Government prohibits the exercise of these rights in practice. The regime only permits activities that support its objectives. Articles of the Constitution that require citizens to follow "Socialist norms of life" and to obey a "collective spirit" take precedence over individual political or civil liberties.
 
 Çå¹ýÀÌ ¾ð·ÐÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ ±×¸®°í ÇÁ·¹½º¿¡ ´ëºñÇÒÁö¶óµµ , Á¤ºÎ´Â ¿¬½À¾ÈÀÇ ÀÌµé ±Ç¸®µéÀÇ ¿¬½ÀÀ» ±ÝÁöÇÕ´Ï´Ù . Á¦µµ°¡ ´ÜÁö ±×°ÍÀÇ ¸ñÇ¥µéÀ» ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â È°µ¿µéÀ» Çã¶ôÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ½Ã¹ÎµéÀÌ " »ýÈ°(»ý¸í)ÀÇ »çȸÁÖÀÇ(ÀÇ) Ç¥Áصé " µû¸¦°ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â Çå¹ýÀÇ ±â»çµé ±×¸®°í " Áý´ÜÀûÀÎ Á¤½Å " º¹Á¾Çϴµ¥ °³º°ÀûÀÎ Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ , ¶ÇÇÑ ½Ã¹ÎÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯µéÀ§¿¡ ¿ì¼±À» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÕ´Ï´Ù .
 
 The Government strictly curtails freedom of expression. The authorities may punish persons for criticizing the regime or its policies by imprisonment or "corrective labor." One defector reported in 1986 that a scientist, whose home was under surveillance through his radio set, was arrested and executed for statements that he made at home critical of Kim Il Sung. In another case, AI reports that a family formerly resident in Japan was sent to a "reeducation-through-labor" center because one member of the family allegedly made remarks disparaging the Government.
 
 Á¤ºÎ°¡ ¾ö°ÝÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ ÁÙÀÔ´Ï´Ù . ´ç±¹ÀÌ Á¦µµ¸¦ ºñÆòÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¹úÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù , ¶ÇÇÑ Åõ¿Á¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ±×°ÍÀÇ Á¤Ã¥µé , ¶ÇÇÑ " ±³Á¤ÇÏ´Â ³ëµ¿ . " ÇϳªÀÇ Å»´çÀÚ´Â 1986 °¨½Ã¾Æ·¡¿¡ ±×ÀÇ ¶óµð¿À ¼ö½Å±â¸¦ ÅëÇØ ÀÖ°í , ²ø¸®°í ±×¸®°í ±×°¡ ³ë·¡ÇØÁö´Â Kim Il¿¡ ºñÆÇÀûÀÎ Áý¿¡(¼­) ÇÏ´Â Áø¼úµéÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ½ÇÇàÇÏ´Â , °úÇÐÀÚ¸¦ º¸°íÇß½À´Ï´Ù . ´Ù¸¥ ÇϳªÀÇ ÄÉÀ̽º¾È¿¡(¼­) , ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀº º¸°íÇÕ´Ï´Ù °¡Á· ÀÌÀü¿¡ ÀϺ»¾ÈÀÇ °ÅÁÖÀÚ °¡Á·ÀÇ ÇϳªÀÇ È¸¿øÀÌ ÁÖÀåÇÑ ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é °ßÇصéÀ» Á¤ºÎ¸¦ °æ½ÃÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¼¾Å͸¦ " reeducation-through-labor " ¹Þ¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 The Government attempts to control all information. It carefully manages the visits of Western journalists. In 1996 the Cable News Network was allowed to broadcast live, unedited coverage of the 2nd year memorial service for the death of Kim Il Sung. The regime recently allowed foreign journalists to report on the food situation. Foreign journalists also were allowed to report on the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) light-water reactor groundbreaking at Kumho in 1997. During the June 13 to 15 inter-Korean summit, and during the October visit of U.S. Secretary of State Albright, groups of foreign journalists were permitted to accompany official delegations and to file reports, although under strict state monitoring. Also, the presidents of 46 South Korean newspaper and broadcast organizations, led by the South Korean Minister of Culture and Tourism, traveled to the country in August and met with Kim Jong Il. Although more foreign journalists have been allowed into North Korea, the Government still maintains strict control over the movements of foreign visitors. For example, journalists accompanying a foreign minister from another country were not allowed to visit a department store or a train station; they were not allowed to talk to officials or to persons on the street. Those who arrived with cellular or satellite phones had them confiscated for the duration of their stay. Domestic media censorship is strictly enforced, and no deviation from the official government line is tolerated.
 
 Á¤ºÎ°¡ ¸ðµç Á¤º¸¸¦ Á¶ÀýÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ±×°ÍÀÌ ½ÅÁßÇÏ°Ô ¼­ºÎ Àú³Î¸®½ºÆ®µéÀÇ ¹æ¹®µéÀ» ¿î¿µÇÕ´Ï´Ù . 1996¿¡ ÄÉÀÌºí ´º½º ³×Æ®¿öÅ©°¡ ¹æ¼ÛÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Çã¶ôµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù »ì°í , 2¹ø° ³âÀÇ uneditedÇÑ ¹üÀ§ Kim IlÀÇ Á×À½À» À§ÇÑ ±â³ä ¼­ºñ½º ³ë·¡ÇÕ´Ï´Ù . Á¦µµ´Â ¿äÁîÀ½ ÀÌÁúÀûÀÎ Àú³Î¸®½ºÆ®µéÀÌ À½½Ä »óȲ¿¡ ´ëÇØ º¸°íÇÏ°Ô Çß½À´Ï´Ù . ÀÌÁúÀûÀÎ Àú³Î¸®½ºÆ®µéÀÌ ¶ÇÇÑ Kumho¿¡(¼­) »õ·Ó°Ô Çѱ¹(ÀÇ) ¹Ýµµ ¿¡³ÊÁö ¹ßÀü Á¶Á÷ ( KEDO ) light-water ¿øÀڷο¡ ´ëÇØ 1997¿¡ º¸°íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Çã¶ôµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù . 6¿ù 13 to 15 inter-Korean Á¤»óµéµ¿¾È , ±×¸®°í U.SÀÇ 10¿ù ¹æ¹®µ¿¾È .±¹¹« Àå°ü Albright , ÀÌÁúÀûÀÎ Àú³Î¸®½ºÆ®µéÀÇ ±×·ìµéÀÌ °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ ´ëÇ¥ ÆÄ°ßµéÀ» µ¿¹ÝÇÏ°í ±×¸®°í ¾ö°ÝÇÑ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µ¾Æ·¡¿¡ ÀÖÀ»Áö¶óµµ , º¸°í¼­µéÀ» ¼Û°íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» Çã¿ëµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù . ¶ÇÇÑ , ³ª¶ó·Î 8¿ù¿¡ ¿©ÇàÇß°í ±×¸®°í Kim Jong Il°ú ¸¸³ªÁö°í , ¹®È­ ±×¸®°í °ü±¤ ¿©ÇàÀÇ ³²ÇÑ Àå°ü¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÀεµµÇ°í , 46 ³²ÇÑ ½Å¹®µé ±×¸®°í ¹æ¼ÛÀÇ ´ëÅë·Éµé Á¶Á÷µé . ´õ ÀÌÁúÀûÀÎ Àú³Î¸®½ºÆ®µéÀÌ ºÏÇѾÈÀ¸·Î Çã¶ôµÉÁö¶óµµ , Á¤ºÎ´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ÀÌÁúÀûÀÎ ¼Õ´ÔµéÀÇ ¿îµ¿µéÀ§ÀÇ ¾ö°ÝÇÑ Á¦¾î¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é , ´Ù¸¥ ÇϳªÀÇ ³ª¶ó·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿Ü¹«ºÎ Àå°üÀ» µ¿¹ÝÇÏ´Â Àú³Î¸®½ºÆ®µéÀº ¹éÈ­Á¡ , ¶ÇÇÑ ±³Åë ¹ý¿øÀ» ¹æ¹®ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Çã¶ôµÇÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù ; ±×µéÀº °ü¸®µé¿¡°Ô , ¶ÇÇÑ °Å¸®À§ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¾ê±âÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Çã¶ôµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù . ¼¼Æ÷°°Àº °ÍÀ» °¡Áö°í µµÂøÇÏ´Â ±×µé , ¶ÇÇÑ À§¼º ÀüÈ­µéÀÌ ±×µéÀ» ±×µéÀÇ Ã¼·ùÀÇ Áö¼Óµ¿¾È ¸ô¼öÇØÁö°Ô Çß½À´Ï´Ù . °¡Á¤ÀÇ ¸Åü °Ë¿­Á¦°¡ ¾ö°ÝÇÏ°Ô ½ÃÇàµÇ°í , ±×¸®°í °ü¸® Á¤ºÎ ¼±À¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ¾î¶² Å»¼±Àº ³Ê±×·´°Ô ºÁÁÖ¾îÁöÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 The regime prohibits listening to foreign media broadcasts except by the political elite, and violators are subject to severe punishment. Radios and television sets receive only domestic programming; radios obtained from abroad must be submitted for alteration to operate in a similar manner. CNN television broadcasts are available in a Pyongyang hotel frequented by foreigners. Private telephone lines operate on an internal system that prevents making and receiving calls from outside the country. International phone lines are available under very restricted circumstances. There may be very limited Internet access in North Korea for government officials, according to recent reports.
 
 Á¦µµ°¡ ÀÌÁúÀûÀÎ ¸Åü ¹æ¼Ûµé¿¡ Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ¿¤¸®Æ® °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÏ°í ±Í¸¦ ±â¿ïÀÌ´Â °ÍÀ» ±ÝÁöÇÏ°í , ±×¸®°í À§¹ÝÀÚµéÀº ¾ö°ÝÇÑ Çü¹ú¿¡ÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦ ÀÔ´Ï´Ù . ¶óµð¿Àµé ±×¸®°í ÅÚ·¹ºñÀüÀº ±»½À´Ï´Ù ´ÜÁö ±¹³»ÀÇ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÔ´Ï´Ù ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÇÕ´Ï´Ù ; ¶óµð¿ÀµéÀº ÇØ¿Ü¿¡¼­ º¯°æÀÌ À¯»çÇÑ ¹æ¹ý¾È¿¡(¼­) ÀÛµ¿Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ±¼º¹ÇØÁ®¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ½ÀµæÇß½À´Ï´Ù . ¿Ü±¹Àε鿡 ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÀÚÁÖ µé·¯Áø Æò¾ç È£Åھȿ¡(¼­) CNN ÅÚ·¹ºñÀü ¹æ¼ÛµéÀÌ ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù . °³ÀÎ ÀüÈ­¼±µéÀÌ ³ª¶ó¸¦ ¸¸µé°í ±×¸®°í ÀüÈ­µéÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿¹¹æÇÏ´Â ³»ÀçÀûÀÎ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ§¿¡ ÀÛµ¿ÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ±¹Á¦ ÀüÈ­¼±µéÀÌ ¸Å¿ì Á¦ÇÑµÈ »óȲµé¾Æ·¡¿¡ ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù . ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ º¸°í¼­µé¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé , Á¤ºÎ Á÷¿øµéÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ºÏÇѾȿ¡(¼­) ÀÎÅÍ³Ý Á¢±ÙÀÌ ¸Å¿ì Á¦ÇÑµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 During the year, the DPRK defended threats and reiterated criticisms first made in late 1997 of the South Korean media for criticizing the North Korean leadership. The first instance was in response to a South Korean newspaper editorial, the second in reaction to a television drama about life in North Korea.
 
 ³âµ¿¾È , DPRK°¡ À§ÇùµéÀ» ¹æ¾îÇÏ°í ±×¸®°í ³²ÇÑ ¸ÅüÀÇ ´Ê°Ô 1997¿¡ ù¹ø° ºÏÇÑ ¸®´õ½ÊÀ» ºñÆòÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ª¾Æ°¡Áö´Â ºñÆòµéÀ» µÇÇ®ÀÌÇß½À´Ï´Ù . ù¹ø° º¸±â°¡ ³²ÇÑ ½Å¹® »ç¼³ ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù , ºÏÇѾÈÀÇ »ýÈ°(»ý¸í)¿¡ °üÇÑ ÅÚ·¹ºñÀü µå¶ó¸¶¿¡ÀÇ ¹ÝÀÛ¿ë¾ÈÀÇ µÎ¹ø° .
 
 The Government severely restricts academic freedom and controls artistic and academic works. Visitors report that one of the primary functions of plays, movies, operas, children's performances, and books is to contribute to the cult of personality surrounding Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il.
 
 Á¤ºÎ°¡ ½ÉÇÏ°Ô Çй®ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ Á¦ÇÑÇÏ°í ±×¸®°í ¿¹¼úÀûÀÌ°Ô Á¶ÀýÇÕ´Ï´Ù ±×¸®°í Çо÷µé . ¼Õ´ÔµéÀº º¸°íÇÕ´Ï´Ù ³îÀ̵éÀÇ ÇϳªÀÇ ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ±â´Éµé , ¿µÈ­µé , ¿ÀÆä¶óµé , ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÇ ÆÛÆ÷¸Õ½ºµé , ±×¸®°í Ã¥µéÀº ¼º°Ý ÁÖº¯ Kim IlÀÇ ÄÃÆ®¿¡ ±â¿©ÇÏ´Â °Í ÀÔ´Ï´Ù ³ë·¡ÇØÁý´Ï´Ù ±×¸®°í Kim Jong Il .
 
 b. Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association
 
 B . ÆòÈ­·Î¿î ÀÇȸ ±×¸®°í °ü·ÃÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯
 
 Although the Constitution provides for freedom of assembly, the Government does not respect this provision in practice. The Government prohibits any public meetings without authorization.
 
 Çå¹ýÀÌ ÀÇȸÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¿¡ ´ëºñÇÒÁö¶óµµ , Á¤ºÎ´Â ¿¬½À¾È¿¡(¼­) ÀÌ °ø±ÞÀ» Á¸ÁßÇÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù . Á¤ºÎ°¡ °øÀξøÀÌ ¾ó¸¶°£ÀÇ °ø°øÀÇ È¸ÀǵéÀ» ±ÝÁöÇÕ´Ï´Ù .
 
 Although the Constitution provides for freedom of association, the Government does not respect this provision in practice. There are no known organizations other than those created by the Government. Professional associations exist primarily as a means of government monitoring and control over the members of these organizations.
 
 Çå¹ýÀÌ ÁýȸÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¿¡ ´ëºñÇÒÁö¶óµµ , Á¤ºÎ´Â ¿¬½À¾È¿¡(¼­) ÀÌ °ø±ÞÀ» Á¸ÁßÇÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù . Á¤ºÎ °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ âÁ¶µÈ ±×µéÀ» ¾î¶² ¾Ë·ÁÁö´Â Á¶Á÷µéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Õ´Ï´Ù . Àü¹® °ü·ÃµéÀÌ ÁÖ·Î Á¤ºÎ ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µ ±×¸®°í À̵é Á¶Á÷µéÀÇ È¸¿øµéÀ§ÀÇ Á¦¾îÀÇ ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î Á¸ÀçÇÕ´Ï´Ù .
 
 c. Freedom of Religion
 
 C . Á¾±³ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯
 
 The Constitution provides for "freedom of religious belief;" however, in practice the Government discourages organized religious activity except that supervised by officially recognized groups. Genuine religious freedom does not exist. The Constitution also stipulates that religion "should not be used for purposes of dragging in foreign powers or endangering public security."
 
 Çå¹ýÀº ´ëºñÇÕ´Ï´Ù " Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ¹ÏÀ½ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ ; " ÇÏÁö¸¸ , ¿¬½À¾È¿¡(¼­) Á¤ºÎ´Â °ø½ÄÀûÀ¸·Î ¾Ë¾Æº¸¾ÆÁö´Â ±×·ìµé¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© °¨µ¶ÇØÁø Àú°ÍÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÏ°í Á¶Á÷ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ È°µ¿À» ´Ü³ä½Ãŵ´Ï±î . ¼ø¼öÀÇ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ÀÚÀ¯°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù . Çå¹ýÀÌ ¶ÇÇÑ Àú Á¾±³¸¦ °è¾àÇÕ´Ï´Ù " ÀÌÁúÀûÀÎ Èûµé¾È¿¡(¼­) ²ø°Å³ª , ¶ÇÇÑ °ø°øÀÇ ¾ÈÀüÀ» À§ÅÂ·Ó°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÇ ¸ñÀûµéÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëµÇÁö ¸»¾Æ¾ß Çß½À´Ï´Ù . "
 
 Although in the past the Government has branded religiously active persons as "counterrevolutionaries" and killed or imprisoned them, in more recent times, it has allowed the formation of several government-sponsored religious organizations. These serve as interlocutors with foreign church groups and international aid organizations. Foreigners who have met with representatives of these organizations believe that some are genuinely religious but note that others appear to know little about religious dogma, liturgy, or teaching. A constitutional change in 1992 deleted the clause about freedom of antireligious propaganda, authorized religious gatherings, and provided for "the right to build buildings for religious use."
 
 °ú°Å¿¡ Á¤ºÎ°¡ " counterrevolutionaries " Á¾±³ÀûÀ¸·Î È°µ¿ÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ³«ÀÎÀ» Âï°í ±×¸®°í Á×À̰ųª , ¶ÇÇÑ ´õ ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ Á¦½Ã°£¿¡ , ±×µéÀ» Åõ¿ÁÇÒÁö¶óµµ , ±×°ÍÀº ¸î¸î government-sponsoredÇÑ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ Á¶Á÷µéÀÇ Çü¼ºÀ» Çã¶ôÇß½À´Ï´Ù . À̵éÀÌ ÀÌÁúÀûÀÎ ±³È¸ ±×·ìµé ±×¸®°í ±¹Á¦ ¿øÁ¶ Á¶Á÷µé°ú ÇÔ²² ÀÖ´Â ´ëÈ­ÀÚµé·Î »ç¿ëµË´Ï´Ù . À̵é Á¶Á÷µéÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀÚµé°ú ÇÔ²² ¸¸³­ ¿Ü±¹ÀεéÀº ¾à°£ÀÇ Áø½ÉÀ¸·Î Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ±×·¯³ª ´Ù¸¥ °ÍµéÀÌ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ µµ±×¸¶ , ¿¹¹è½Ä¿¡ °üÇÑ ÀÛÀº °ÍÀ» ¾Ëó·³ º¸ÀÌ´Â ³ëÆ® À̶ó°í ¹Ï½À´Ï´Ù , , ¶ÇÇÑ °¡¸£Ä¨´Ï´Ù . Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ¸ðÀÓµéÀ» °øÀÎÇØÁ®¼­ , 1992ÀÇ ±¸¼º»óÀÇ º¯È­°¡ antireligious ¼±ÀüÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© ÀýÀ» »èÁ¦Çß½À´Ï´Ù , ±×¸®°í ´ëºñµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù " Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ »ç¿ëÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© °Ç¹°µéÀ» °Ç¼³ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿ÇÀº . "
 
 The number of religious believers is unknown but has been estimated by the media and religious groups at 10,000 Protestants, 10,000 Buddhists, and 4,000 Catholics. There are also an undetermined number of persons belonging to underground Christian churches. In addition the Chondogyo Young Friends Party, a government-sponsored group based on a traditional Korean religious movement, still is in existence. There are 300 Buddhist temples. Most of the temples are regarded as cultural relics, but in some of them religious activity is permitted. Two Protestant churches under lay leadership and a Roman Catholic church (without a priest) have been opened since 1988 in Pyongyang. Several schools for religious education exist. There are 3-year religious colleges for training Protestant and Buddhist clergy. A religious studies program also was established at Kim Il Sung University in 1989; its graduates usually go on to work in the foreign trade sector.
 
 Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ¹Ï´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼ö°¡ ¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¾ÊÁö¸¸ ±×·¯³ª ¸Åü ±×¸®°í Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ±×·ìµé¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© 10,000 ½Å±³µµµé , 10,000 ºÒ±³µµµé , ±×¸®°í 4,000 Ä«Å縯µé·Î Æò°¡µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù . ÁöÇÏ¿¡(¼­) ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ±³È¸µé¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ undeterminedÇÑ ¼ö°¡ ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù . Ãß°¡¾È¿¡(¼­) Chondogyo ¾î¸° Ä£±¸µé ÆÄƼ , government-sponsoredÇÑ ±×·ìÀÌ ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ Çѱ¹(ÀÇ) Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ¿îµ¿À§¿¡ ±âÃÊÇß½À´Ï´Ù , Á¸Àç¾È¿¡(¼­) ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù . 300 ºÒ±³µµ »ç¿øµéÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù . °¡Àå ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ç¿øµéÀÌ ¹®È­Àû À¯¹°µé·Î °£ÁÖµÇÁö¸¸ , ±×·¯³ª ¾à°£ÀÇ ±×µé¾È¿¡(¼­) Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ È°µ¿Àº Çã¶ôµË´Ï´Ù . µÎ ½Å±³µµ ±³È¸µéÀÌ ¸®´õ½ÊÀ» ³õ¿©ÀÖ¾ú°í ±×¸®°í ( ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚ¾øÀÌ ) Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸´Â 1988ÀÌ·¡·Î Æò¾ç¾È¿¡(¼­) ¿­·È½À´Ï´Ù . Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ±³À°À» À§ÇÑ ¸î¸î Çб³µéÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ÈÆ·Ã ½Å±³µµ ±×¸®°í ºÒ±³µµ ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµéÀ» À§ÇÑ 3³âÀÇ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ´ëÇеéÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù . Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ¿¬±¸µéÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÇÕ´Ï´Ù Kim Il¿¡(¼­) È®¸³µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù 1989¿¡ ´ëÇб³¸¦ ºÒ¸³´Ï´Ù ; ±×°ÍÀÇ Á¹¾÷»ýµéÀº ´ë°³ ÇØ¿Ü ¹«¿ª ºÎ¹®¾È¿¡(¼­) ÀÏÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °è¼ÓÇÕ´Ï´Ù .
 
 There has been a limited revival of Buddhism with the translation and publication of Buddhist scriptures that had been carved on 80,000 wooden blocks and kept at an historic temple. It is not known whether any Catholic priests, whose role is a fundamental element for the practice of the Catholic faith, remain in the country. Seoul Archbishop Nicholas Jin-Suk Cheong, appointed by the Pope as Apostolic Administrator of Pyongyang, was quoted in July as stating that while there were 50 priests in the country in the 1940's, it is not known if they are still alive. In November a delegation from the Vatican visited the country. Although some foreigners who have visited the DPRK over the years say that church activity appears staged, others believe that church services are genuine, although sermons contain both religious and political content supportive of the regime. The Government claims, and visitors confirm, that there are more than 500 authorized "house churches."
 
 80,000 ¸ñÁ¦ ºí·°µéÀ§¿¡ Á¶°¢µÈ ºÒ±³µµ ¼º¼­µéÀÇ ¹ø¿ª ±×¸®°í ÃâÆÇÀ» °¡Áø ºÒ±³ÀÇ Á¦ÇÑµÈ Àç»ýÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù ±×¸®°í ¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î Áß¿äÇÑ »ç¿ø¿¡(¼­) ³²¾ÆÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù . ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù ¾ó¸¶°£ÀÇ Ä«·Ñ¸¯ÀÇ ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚ , ´©±¸ÀÇ Ä«·Ñ¸¯ÀÇ ½Å³äÀÇ ¿¬½ÀÀ» À§ÇÑ ±âº»Àû ¿ä¼Ò ÀÌ°í , ³ª¶ó¾È¿¡(¼­) ³²¾ÆÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù . 1940³â´ë¿¡ ³ª¶ó¾È¿¡(¼­) 50 ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Â µ¿¾È Àú°ÍÀ» ¸»Çϸ鼭 Æò¾çÀÇ ·Î¸¶ ±³È²ÀÇ °ü¸®ÀÚ ·Î¸¶ ±³È²¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÁöÁ¤µÇ´Â , ¼­¿ï ´ëÁÖ±³ Nicholas Jin-Suk CheongÀÌ , 7¿ù¿¡ ÀοëµÇ¾ú´Ù°í , ±×°ÍÀº ±×µéÀÌ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ »ì¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù¸é ¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù . 11¿ù¿¡ ¹ÙƼĭÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ ÆÄ°ßÀÌ ³ª¶ó¸¦ ¹æ¹®Çß½À´Ï´Ù . ¼ö³â°£ DPRK¸¦ ¹æ¹®ÇÑ ¾à°£ÀÇ ¿Ü±¹ÀεéÀÌ ±³È¸ È°µ¿ÀÌ »ó¿¬µÈ °Íó·³ º¸ÀÎ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÒÁö¶óµµ , ´Ù¸¥ °ÍµéÀº ¿¹¹èµéÀÌ ¼³±³µéÀÌ Á¦µµÀÇ Çù·ÂÀûÀÌ°Ô ¾çÂÊÀÇ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ±×¸®°í Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ³»¿ëÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÒÁö¶óµµ , ÁøÂ¥ÀÇ ¹Ï½À´Ï´Ù . Á¤ºÎ ¿ä±¸µé , ±×¸®°í ¼Õ´ÔµéÀÌ È®½Å½ÃÅ°°í , °øÀÎÇØÁø 500 ÀÌ»ó ÀÔ´Ï´Ù " Áý ±³È¸µé .
 
 Persons engaging in religious proselytizing may be arrested and are subject to harsh penalties, including imprisonment and prolonged detention without charge. The regime appears to have cracked down on unauthorized religious groups in recent years, especially persons who proselytize or who have ties to overseas evangelical groups operating across the border with China, as the Government appears concerned about religiously based South Korean relief and refugee assistance efforts along the northeast border with the People's Republic of China becoming entwined with more political goals, including overthrow of the regime. The food crisis apparently has heightened government concern about antiregime activity. An article in the Korean Workers Party newspaper in 1999 criticized "imperialists and reactionaries" for trying to use ideological and cultural infiltration, including religion, to destroy socialism from within. South Korean law requires all parties, including religious groups, travelling to North Korea or contacting North Koreans to request permission from the South Korean security agency. This requirement increases suspicions among North Korean officials about the intentions of such groups.
 
 »ç¶÷µé ¾È¿¡¼­ Á¾±³ÀûÀÌ°Ô µ¿È­µÇ°í °³Á¾ÇÕ´Ï´Ù Åõ¿Á ±×¸®°í ¿ä±Ý¾ø´Â ¿¬ÀåµÈ ÀúÁö¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â , °ÅÄ£ Çü¹úµé¿¡ ÁÖÁ¦ ²ø¸®°í ±×¸®°í ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù . ÁßÈ­ ÀιΠ°øÈ­±¹ÀÌ ÈÖ°¨°ÜÁö°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» °¡Áö°í Á¦µµÀÇ Àüº¹À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â , ´õ Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ¸ñÇ¥µéÀ» °¡Áö°í ƯÈ÷ , Á¦µµ´Â ÃÖ±Ù(¿¡) ±ÇÇѾø´Â Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ±×·ìµéÀ» ´Ü¼ÓÇÑ °Íó·³ º¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù °³Á¾ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé , ¶ÇÇÑ ÇØ¿Ü¿¡(¼­) º¹À½ÀÇ ±×·ìµé¿¡ÀÇ ³ØŸÀ̵éÀ» Á¤ºÎ°¡ ºÏµ¿ °æ°è¸¦ µû¶ó¼­ Á¾±³ÀûÀ¸·Î ±â¹ÝÀÇ ³²ÇÑ °æ°¨ ±×¸®°í µµ¸ÁÀÚ µµ¿ò ³ë·Âµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ °ÆÁ¤ÇÑ °Íó·³ º¸ÀÏ ¶§ , Áß±¹°ú ÇÔ²² ÀÖ´Â °æ°è¸¦ °¡·ÎÁú·¯ ÀÛµ¿Çϵµ·Ï ÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ½Ä·® À§±â°¡ ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô antiregime È°µ¿¿¡ °üÇÑ Á¤ºÎ °ü½ÉÀ» ³ôÀ̾ú½À´Ï´Ù . 1999ÀÇ Çѱ¹(ÀÇ) ³ëµ¿ÀÚ´ç ½Å¹®¾ÈÀÇ ±â»ç°¡ " Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇÀÚ ±×¸®°í ¹Ýµ¿ÁÖÀÇÀÚµé " ¾È¿¡¼­ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ »çȸÁÖÀǸ¦ Æı«Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© , Á¾±³¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â , À̵¥¿Ã·Î±âÀÇ ±×¸®°í ¹®È­Àû ħÀÔÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ºñÆòÇß½À´Ï´Ù . ³²ÇÑ ¹ýÀÌ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ±×·ìµéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â , ¸ðµç ÆÄƼµéÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÕ´Ï´Ù , ºÏÇÑÀ¸·Î °¡´Â ¿©Çà , ¶ÇÇÑ ³²ÇÑ ¾ÈÀü ±â°üÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Çã°¡¸¦ ¿äûÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ºÏÂÊ Çѱ¹Àε鿡°Ô ¿¬¶ôÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ÀÌ ¿ä±¸°¡ ±×·± ±×·ìµéÀÇ Àǵµµé¿¡ °üÇÑ ºÏÇÑ °ü¸®µéÀÇ °¡¿îµ¥ ÇøÀǵéÀ» Áõ°¡½Ãŵ´Ï´Ù .
 
 There is no reliable information on the number of religious detainees or prisoners, but there have been unconfirmed reports that some of those detained in the country are detained because of their religion.
 
 Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ Á¤Ä¡¹üµéÀÇ ¼ö , ¶ÇÇÑ Á˼öµéÀ§ ¾î¶² ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á¤º¸´Â ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù , ±×·¯³ª È®ÀεÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í ³ª¶ó¾È¿¡(¼­) Áöü½ÃÄÑÁø ¾à°£ÀÇ ±×µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ Á¾±³¶§¹®¿¡ Áöü½ÃÄÑÁø´Ù°í º¸°íÇÕ´Ï´Ù .
 
 Religious and human rights groups outside the country have provided numerous, unconfirmed reports that members of underground churches have been beaten, arrested, detained in prison camps, or killed because of their religious beliefs. One unconfirmed report stated that a dozen Christians have been executed since January 1999. According to another unconfirmed report, 23 Christians were executed between October 1999 and April; some reportedly were executed under falsified criminal charges, and some reportedly were tortured prior to their executions. A religious nongovernmental organization quoted an unnamed South Korean pastor's claims that 400 Christians were executed in 1999. These reports could not be confirmed or disproved because of the effectiveness of the Government in barring outside observers. Nonetheless, the collective weight of anecdotal evidence of harsh treatment of unauthorized religious activity lends credence to such reports. The regime deals harshly with its critics and views religious believers belonging to underground congregations or with ties to evangelical groups in North China as opponents. Reports of executions, torture, and imprisonment of religious persons in the country continue to emerge.
 
 Á¾±³ÀûÀÌ°í ±×¸®°í ³ª¶ó¹ÛÀÇ À뱂 ±×·ìµéÀº ¸¹°í , È®ÀεÇÁö ¾Ê°Ô ´ëºñÇÕ´Ï´Ù ÁöÇÏ ±³È¸µéÀÇ È¸¿øµéÀÌ ¸Â´Â´Ù°í º¸°íÇÏ°í , ²ø°í , Æ÷·Î ¼ö¿ë¼Òµé¾È¿¡(¼­) Áöü½ÃÅ°°Å³ª , , ¶ÇÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ¹ÏÀ½µé¶§¹®¿¡ Á×À̾ú½À´Ï´Ù . ÇϳªÀÇ È®°íÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº º¸°í¼­´Â ´Ù½º ±âµ¶±³µµµéÀÌ 1999 1¿ùÀÌ·¡·Î óÇüµÈ´Ù°í ¸»Çß½À´Ï´Ù . ´Ù¸¥ ÇϳªÀÇ È®°íÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº º¸°í¼­¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé , 23 ±âµ¶±³µµµéÀÌ 1999 10¿ù ±×¸®°í 4¿ù»çÀÌ¿¡(¼­) óÇüµË´Ï´Ù ; ¾à°£ÀÇ ÀüÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é °ÅÁþ¸»ÇØÁö´Â ¹üÁË ÇøÀǵé¾Æ·¡¿¡ ½ÇÇàµÇ°í , ±×¸®°í ¾à°£ÀÇ ÀüÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀÇ ½ÇÇàµéÀ» °í¹®´çÇß½À´Ï´Ù . Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ nongovernmental Á¶Á÷Àº 400 ±âµ¶±³µµµéÀÌ 1999¿¡ óÇüµÈ´Ù´Â À͸íÀÇ ³²ÇÑ »çÁ¦ÀÇ ¿ä±¸µéÀ» ÀοëÇß½À´Ï´Ù . ÀÌµé º¸°í¼­µéÀÌ È®½Å½ÃÄÑÁú ¼ö ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù , ¶ÇÇÑ ¿ÜºÎÀÇ °üÂûÀÚµéÀ» °¡·Î¸·´Â °Í¾È¿¡(¼­) Á¤ºÎÀÇ È¿°ú¶§¹®¿¡ ¹ÝÁõÇß½À´Ï´Ù . ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í , ±ÇÇѾø´Â Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ È°µ¿ÀÇ °ÅÄ£ ´ë¿ìÀÇ ÀÏÈ­ÀÇ Áõ°ÅÀÇ Áý´ÜÀûÀÎ ¹«°Ô°¡ ½ÅÀÓÀ» ±×·± º¸°í¼­µé¿¡°Ô ºô·ÁÁÝ´Ï´Ù . Á¦µµ °Å·¡µé °ÅÄ¥°Ô ±×°ÍÀÇ ºñÆò°¡µé ±×¸®°í ¹Ù¶óº½µé Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ¹Ï´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÁöÇÏ ¸ðÀӵ鿡 ¼ÓÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °¡Áö°í , ¶ÇÇÑ »ó´ëµé ºÏÂÊ Áß±¹¾ÈÀÇ º¹À½ÀÇ ±×·ìµé¿¡ÀÇ ³ØŸÀ̵éÀ» °¡Áö°í . ½ÇÇàµé , °í¹®ÀÇ º¸°í¼­µé , ±×¸®°í ³ª¶ó¾ÈÀÇ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Åõ¿ÁÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â °ÍÀ» °è¼ÓÇÕ´Ï´Ù .
 
 Little is known about the actual life of religious persons in the DPRK. Members of government-recognized religious groups do not appear to suffer discrimination; in fact some reports claim they have been mobilized by the regime. Persons whose parents were believers but who themselves are nonpracticing are able to rise to at least the midlevels of the bureaucracy. Such individuals, as a category, suffered broad discrimination in the past. Members of underground churches connected to border missionary activity appear to be regarded as subversive elements.
 
 ÀÛÀº °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© DPRK¾È¿¡(¼­) Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ½Ç»ýÈ°ÀÌ ¾Ë¾ÆÁý´Ï´Ù . government-recognizedÇÑ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ±×·ìµéÀÇ È¸¿øµéÀº ½Äº°À» °Þ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù ; »ç½Ç»ó ¾à°£ÀÇ º¸°í¼­µéÀº Á¦µµ °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ ±×µéÀÌ µ¿¿øµÇ¾ú´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ¹Ï´Â »ç¶÷µé ÀÎ »ç¶÷µé ±×·¯³ª ½º½º·Î nonpracticingÇÕ´Ï´Ù Àû¾îµµ °ü·á Á¤Ä¡ÀÇ midlevels·Î ¿Ã¶ó¿Ã ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù . ±×·± °³ÀεéÀÌ , ¹üÁÖ , °ú°Å¿¡ ³ÐÀº ½Äº°À» °Þ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù . ¼±±³»ç È°µ¿¿¡ ÀÎÁ¢Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¿¬°áµÇ¾îÁø ÁöÇÏ ±³È¸µéÀÇ È¸¿øµéÀÌ Å¸µµÇÏ´Â ¿ä¼Òµé·Î °£ÁֵǴ °Íó·³ º¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù .
 
 The Government deals harshly with all opponents, including those engaging in religious practices deemed unacceptable to the regime. In April 1999, witnesses testified before the U.S. Congress on the treatment of persons held in prison camps through the early 1990's. The witnesses stated that prisoners held on the basis of their religious beliefs generally were treated worse than other inmates. One witness, a former prison guard, testified that those believing in God were regarded as insane, as the authorities taught that "all religions are opium." He recounted an instance in which a woman was kicked repeatedly and left with her injuries unattended for days because a guard overheard her praying for a child who was being beaten. Because of the effectiveness of the Government in barring outside observers, such allegations could not be substantiated.
 
 Á¤ºÎ °Å·¡µé °ÅÄ¥°Ô ¸ðµç »ó´ëµé¿¡ , ±×µéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÏ ¼ö ¾ø°Ô Á¦µµ·Î »ý°¢µÈ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ¿¬½Àµé¾È¿¡(¼­) µ¿È­µË´Ï´Ù . 1999 4¿ù¿¡ , ÁõÀεéÀÌ U.SÀü¿¡ Áõ¾ðÇß½À´Ï´Ù .»ç¶÷µéÀÇ ´ë¿ìÀ§ ±¹È¸°¡ Æ÷·Î ¼ö¿ë¼Òµé¾È¿¡(¼­) ºü¸¥ °ÍÀ» ÅëÇØ °í¼öÇß½À´Ï´Ù 1990³â´ë . ÁõÀεéÀº ±×µéÀÇ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ¹ÏÀ½µéÀ» °í¼öÇØÁö´Â Àú Á˼öµéÀÌ ´õ ³ª»Ú°Ô ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù¸¥ ÇǼö¿ëÀÚµéÀ» ´Ù·ç¾îÁø´Ù°í ¸»Çß½À´Ï´Ù . ÇϳªÀÇ ÁõÀÎ , ¾ÕÀÇ °¨¿Á °æºñ¿øÀº , Áõ¾ðÇß½À´Ï´Ù ±×µé ½ÅÀ» ¹Ï½À´Ï´Ù ´ç±¹ÀÌ Àú°ÍÀ» °¡¸£Ä¥ ¶§ , ¹ÌÄ£»ç¶÷À¸·Î °£ÁֵǾú½À´Ï´Ù " ¸ðµç Á¾±³µéÀº ¾ÆÆí ÀÔ´Ï´Ù . " ±×´Â ¿©¼ºÀÌ ¹Ýº¹Çؼ­ Â÷ÀÌ°í ±×¸®°í ³¯µéµ¿¾È Âü¼®ÀÚ°¡ ¾ø°Ô ±×³àÀÇ ¼Õ»óµéÀ» °¡Áö°í ³²°ÜÁö´Â º¸±â¸¦ ´Ù½Ã °è»êÇß½À´Ï´Ù ±×³à°¡ ¸Â°í ÀÖ´Â ¾ÆÀ̸¦ ±â¿øÇÏ´Â °æºñ¿ø overheard . ¿ÜºÎÀÇ °üÂûÀÚµéÀ» °¡·Î¸·´Â °Í¾ÈÀÇ Á¤ºÎÀÇ È¿°ú¶§¹®¿¡ , ±×·± Áø¼úµéÀÌ ±¸Ã¼È­ÇØÁú ¼ö ¾ø¾ú½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 d. Freedom of Movement Within the Country, Foreign Travel, Emigration, and Repatriation
 
 D . ³ª¶ó¼ÓÀÇ ¿îµ¿ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ , ¿Ü±¹ ¿©Çà , ÀÌÁÖ , ±×¸®°í ±Íȯ
 
 In the past, the regime has controlled internal travel strictly, requiring a travel pass for any movement outside one's home village. These passes were granted only for official travel or attendance at a relative's wedding or funeral. Long delays in obtaining the necessary permit often resulted in denial of the right to travel even for these limited purposes. In recent years, it appears that the internal controls on travel have eased significantly. There are reports of the large-scale movement of people across the country in search of food. Only members of a very small elite have vehicles for personal use. The regime tightly controls access to civilian aircraft, trains, buses, food, and fuel.
 
 °ú°Å¿¡ , ¿©ÇàÀÌ ±×ÀÇ Áý ¸¶À»¹ÛÀÇ ¾ó¸¶°£ÀÇ ¿îµ¿À¸·Î ÅëÇÒ°ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸Çϸ鼭 , Á¦µµ´Â ¾ö°ÝÇÏ°Ô ³»ÀçÀûÀÎ ¿©ÇàÀ» Á¶ÀýÇß½À´Ï´Ù . À̵é Åë°úµéÀÌ °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ ¿©Çà , ¶ÇÇÑ Ä£Ã´ÀÇ °áÈ¥½ÄÀÇ Ãâ¼® , ¶ÇÇÑ Àå·Ê½ÄÀ» ´ÜÁö¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© ÀÎÁ¤µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù . ¿À·¡µµ·Ï Á¾Á¾ ½ÉÁö¾î À̵é Á¦ÇÑµÈ ¸ñÀûµéÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ¿©ÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿ÇÀº ºÎÁ¤À» ÃÊ·¡ÇØÁø ÇÊ¿äÇÑ Çã°¡¸¦ ½ÀµæÇÏ´Â °Í¾È¿¡(¼­) ÁöüÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ÃÖ±Ù(¿¡) , ±×°ÍÀº ³»ºÎÀÇ ¿©ÇàÀ§¿¡ Á¶ÀýÇÏ´Â Àú°ÍÀÌ »ó´çÈ÷ ¿ÏÈ­µÈ °Íó·³ º¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù . À½½ÄÀ» ³ª¶ó¸¦ °¡·ÎÁö¸£´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ´ë±Ô¸ð ¿îµ¿ÀÇ º¸°í¼­µéÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù . ´ÜÁö ¸Å¿ì ÀÛÀº ¿¤¸®Æ®ÀÇ È¸¿øµéÀÌ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »ç¿ëÀ» À§ÇÑ ÀÚµ¿Â÷µéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù . Á¦µµ°¡ ´Ü´ÜÈ÷ ¹Î°£(ÀÇ) Ç×°ø±â¿¡ÀÇ Á¢±ÙÀ» Á¶ÀýÇÕ´Ï´Ù , ±âÂ÷µé , ¹ö½ºµé , À½½Ä , ±×¸®°í ¿¬·á .
 
 The regime limits foreign travel to officials and trusted artists, athletes, academics, and religious figures. It does not allow emigration. In recent years, there have been numerous reports of a steady increase in North Korean migrants arriving in China, Hong Kong, Vietnam, and other Asian countries. The regime reportedly retaliates against the relatives of some of those who manage to escape. According to the Penal Code, defection and attempted defection (including the attempt to gain entry to a foreign embassy for the purpose of seeking political asylum) are capital crimes. Refugees have stated that DPRK border guards have received orders to shoot-to-kill persons attempting to cross the border into China, although some border crossings for family visits and trade are permitted. Others have reported that some would-be refugees who have been involuntarily returned have been executed (see Section 1.a.). Following the collapse of European communism, the regime recalled several thousand students from overseas but in recent years again has allowed small numbers of students to study abroad. Nonetheless, in recent years substantial numbers of persons have fled to neighboring countries in search of food. Many return after securing food.
 
 Á¦µµ ÇÑ°èµé °ü¸®µé¿¡°ÔÀÇ ¿Ü±¹ ¿©Çà ±×¸®°í ¿¹¼ú°¡µé , ¿îµ¿ ¼±¼öµé , ÇÐÀÚµé , ±×¸®°í Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ±×¸²µéÀ» ½Å·ÚÇß½À´Ï´Ù . ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀÌÁÖ¸¦ Çã¶ôÇÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù . ÃÖ±Ù(¿¡) , º£Æ®³² , ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÎÀÇ ³ª¶óµé¿¡ , Áß±¹ , È«Äá¾È¿¡(¼­) µµÂøÇÏ´Â ºÏÇÑ ÀÌÁÖÀÚµé¾ÈÀÇ ²ÙÁØÇÑ Áõ°¡ÀÇ ¸¹Àº º¸°í¼­µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù . Á¦µµ°¡ ÀüÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ±×·°Àú·° µµ¸Á°¡´Â °ÍÀ» Çس»´Â ¾à°£ÀÇ ±×µéÀÇ Ä£Ã´µé¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ¿© º¸º¹ÇÕ´Ï´Ù . Çü¹ý , ¸Á¸í¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ±×¸®°í ( Á¤Ä¡Àû ¸Á¸íó¸¦ ±¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÌÁúÀûÀÎ ´ë»ç°üÀ¸·Î °¡´Â ÀÔ±¸¸¦ ¾òÀ» ½Ãµµ ) ¸Á¸íÀ» ½ÃµµÇß½À´Ï´Ù ±âº»ÀÇ ¹üÁ˵é ÀÔ´Ï´Ù . µµ¸ÁÀÚµéÀº Àú DPRK °æ°è °æºñ¿øµéÀÌ Áß±¹¾ÈÀÇ °æ°è¸¦ °Ç³Ê·Á°í ½ÃµµÇÏ´Â shoot-to-kill »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¸í·ÉµéÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̾ú´Ù°í ¸»Çß½À´Ï´Ù , although ¾à°£ÀÇ °æ°è Ⱦ´Üµé °¡Á·ÀÌ ¹æ¹®ÇÏ°í ±×¸®°í ¹«¿ªÀº Çã¶ôµË´Ï´Ù . ´Ù¸¥ °ÍµéÀº ¸¶Áö¸øÇØ µ¹·ÁÁÖ¾îÁø ¾à°£ÀÇ È¥ÀÚÀÇ µµ¸ÁÀÚµéÀÌ Ã³ÇüµÇ¾ú´Ù°í º¸°íÇß½À´Ï´Ù ( ºÎºÐÀ» º¾´Ï´Ù 1.a. ) . À¯·´(ÀÇ) °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÇ ºØ±«ÀÇ µÚ¿¡ , Á¦µµ°¡ ÇØ¿Ü¿¡(¼­) ¸î¸î õ ÇлýµéÀ» ¼ÒȯÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×·¯³ª ÃÖ±Ù(¿¡) ´Ù½Ã ÇлýµéÀÇ ÀÛÀº ¼öµé¿¡°Ô ÇØ¿Ü¿¡¼­ ¿¬±¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÁÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù . ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í , ÃÖ±Ù(¿¡) »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ½ÇÁúÀûÀÎ ¼öµéÀÌ ÀÌ¿ôÀÇ ³ª¶óµé·Î À½½ÄÀ» ´Þ¾Æ³µ½À´Ï´Ù . À½½ÄÀ» ¾ÈÀüÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ°í ³­ ÈÄÀÇ ¸¹Àº ±Íȯ .
 
 The Chinese Government states that there are only a few hundred North Koreans in China; others estimate that there are tens of thousands. Most have crossed the border clandestinely in small groups to seek food, shelter, and work. In January China returned to the DPRK seven persons who had been granted refugee status by the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees in Russia in December 1999 but were forced back into China. How the DPRK authorities dealt with the seven is unknown.
 
 ¼Ò¼ö°¡ ÀÖ´Â Áß±¹ »ç¶÷ÀÇ Á¤ºÎ »óŵé Áß±¹¾ÈÀÇ ¹é ºÏÂÊ Çѱ¹Àεé ; ´Ù¸¥ °ÍµéÀº ¼ö¸¸ÀÇ°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í Æò°¡ÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ÀÛÀº ±×·ìµé¾È¿¡(¼­) À½½ÄÀ» ±¸Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© Àº¹ÐÇÏ°Ô °¡Àå °¡Àå °æ°è¸¦ °Ç³Ê½Ã¿À , Çdz­Ã³ , ±×¸®°í ÀÏÇÕ´Ï´Ù . DPRK·Î À¯¿£¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© µµ¸ÁÀÚ ÁöÀ§¸¦ ¹ÞÀº ÀÏ°ö »ç¶÷µéÀ» µ¹·ÁÁÖ¾îÁø 1¿ù Áß±¹¾È¿¡(¼­) .Áß±¹¾ÈÀ¸·Î µÚ¿¡ 1999 12¿ùÀÇ ·¯½Ã¾Æ¾ÈÀÇ µµ¸ÁÀÚµéÀ» À§ÇÑ °íµî Æǹ«°ü ±×·¯³ª °­¿äµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù . ÀÏ°öÀ» ´Ù·ç¾îÁø DPRK ´ç±¹ÀÌ ¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº °Í .
 
 The Government strictly controls permission to reside in, or even enter, Pyongyang. This is a significant lever, since food, housing, health, and general living conditions are much better in Pyongyang than in the rest of the country.
 
 Á¤ºÎ°¡ ¾ö°ÝÇÏ°Ô ¾È¿¡¼­ °ÅÁÖÇϰųª , , ¶ÇÇÑ ½ÉÁö¾î µîÀåÇÒ Çã°¡¸¦ Á¶ÀýÇÕ´Ï´Ù , Æò¾ç . ÀÌ°ÍÀº À½½Ä , ÁÖ°Å , °Ç°­ÀÌ·¡·Î , Áß¿äÇÑ ·¹¹ö ÀÔ´Ï´Ù , ±×¸®°í »ì¾Æ ÀÖ´Â Á¶°ÇµéÀÌ ³ª¶óÀÇ È޽ľȿ¡(¼­) ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» Æò¾ç¾È¿¡(¼­) ¸¹ÀÌ ¶Ù¾î³­ ÀÏ¹Ý .
 
 AI has reported serious human rights abuses involving North Korean workers and refugees living in Russia. There are about 6,000 DPRK workers in North Korean-run camps in the Russian Far East engaged in farming, mining, and construction. Conditions in these camps are harsh; food is scarce; and discipline is severe. In the past, there have been allegations that discipline includes physical torture such as placing wooden logs between the knees of offenders, after which they were forced to sit down, causing them excruciating pain. In recent years, offenders have been sent back to the DPRK for punishment due to the increased scrutiny that the labor camps have been under since Russian and foreign media began reporting on the conditions in these camps in the early 1990's.
 
 ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀÌ ·¯½Ã¾Æ¾È¿¡(¼­) »ç´Â ºÏÇÑ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµé ±×¸®°í µµ¸ÁÀÚµéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â ½É°¢ÇÑ À뱂 ÇдëµéÀ» º¸°íÇß½À´Ï´Ù . ·¯½Ã¾Æ ±Øµ¿¾È¿¡(¼­) ºÏÂÊ Korean-run Ä·ÇÁµé¾È¿¡(¼­) ´ë·« 6,000 DPRK ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù ³ó¾÷¿¡ ¿­ÁßÇß½À´Ï´Ù , ä±¼ÇÕ´Ï´Ù , ±×¸®°í °Ç¼³ . À̵é Ä·ÇÁµé¾ÈÀÇ Á¶°ÇµéÀº °ÅĨ´Ï´Ù ; À½½ÄÀº ºÎÁ·ÇÕ´Ï´Ù ; ±×¸®°í ±ÔÀ²Àº ¾ö°ÝÇÕ´Ï´Ù . °ú°Å¿¡ , Áø¼úµéÀº ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù Àú ±ÔÀ² ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¸÷½Ã ±«·Î¿î °íÅëÀ» À¯¹ßÇϸ鼭 , ±×µéÀÌ ¾Éµµ·Ï °­¿ä´çÇÑ , ¹üÁËÀÚµéÀÇ ¹«¸­µé»çÀÌÀÇ ¸ñÁ¦ Å볪¹«µéÀ» ³õ´Â °Í°ú °°Àº ½ÅüÀÇ °í¹®À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ÃÖ±Ù(¿¡) , ¹üÁËÀÚµéÀº Çü¹úÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© DPRK·Î À̵é Ä·ÇÁµé¾È¿¡(¼­) °­Á¦ ³ëµ¿ ¼ö¿ë¼ÒµéÀÌ 1990³â´ë ·¯½Ã¾Æ ±×¸®°í ÀÌÁúÀûÀÎ ¸Åü°¡ Á¶°Çµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ ºü¸¥ °Í¾È¿¡(¼­) º¸°íÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÑ ÀÌÈÄ·Î ÀÎ Áõ°¡ÇØÁø Á¤¹Ð Á¶»ç ¶§¹®¿¡ µ¹·Áº¸³»Á³½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 North Koreans in Russia comprise two groups: Those who were selected to work in Russia but refused to return to the DPRK and those who have fled into Russia from the DPRK. Until 1993 under a secret protocol, the DPRK Public Security Service reportedly was allowed to work inside Russia to track down workers who fled the camps. Since 1993 many North Koreans have been engaged in business in the Russian Far East.
 
 ·¯½Ã¾Æ¾ÈÀÇ ºÏÂÊ Çѱ¹ÀεéÀÌ µÎ ±×·ìµéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÕ´Ï´Ù : ·¯½Ã¾Æ¾È¿¡(¼­) ÀÏÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¼±ÅõǴ ±×µé ±×·¯³ª DPRK ±×¸®°í ·¯½Ã¾Æ¾ÈÀ¸·Î DPRK¿¡¼­ ´Þ¾Æ³ª´Â ±×µé·Î µ¹¾Æ°¡±â¸¦ °ÅÀýÇß½À´Ï´Ù . ºñ¹ÐÀÇ ¿ø¾È¾Æ·¡ÀÇ 1993±îÁö , DPRK °ø°øÀÇ ¾ÈÀü ¼­ºñ½º°¡ ÀüÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé Ä·ÇÁµé¿¡¼­ ´Þ¾Æ³ª´Â ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀ» ã¾Æ³»±â À§ÇÏ¿© ¾ÈÀÇ ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼­ ÀÏÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Çã¶ôµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù . 1993ÀÌ·¡·Î ¸¹Àº ºÏÂÊ Çѱ¹ÀεéÀÌ »ç¾÷¿¡ ·¯½Ã¾Æ ±Øµ¿¾È¿¡(¼­) ¿­ÁßÇß½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 Many North Koreans in Russia face severe hardships due to their lack of any identification. Workers arriving in Russia usually have their passport and other identification confiscated by North Korean border guards.
 
 ·¯½Ã¾Æ ¾ó±¼¾ÈÀÇ ¸¹Àº ºÏÂÊ Çѱ¹ÀÎµé ¾ó¸¶°£ÀÇ ½ÅºÐÁõÀÇ ±×µéÀÇ °áÇÌ ¶§¹®ÀÇ ¾ö°ÝÇÑ °ï¶õµé . ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡ µµÂøÇÏ´Â ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÌ ´ë°³ ±×µéÀÇ ¿©±ÇÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ°í ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ½ÅºÐÁõÀº ºÏÇÑ °æ°è °æºñ¿øµé¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¸ô¼öÇß½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 The DPRK Government reportedly tried to prevent persons from staying in Russia by using diplomatic channels to influence Russian authorities and international organizations. In a number of cases, North Korean authorities reportedly told Russian authorities that a particular North Korean who had applied for asylum in Russia or elsewhere was a criminal offender in North Korea. An extradition treaty signed by both nations in 1957 requires that persons with criminal records be returned to their country.
 
 DPRK Á¤ºÎ°¡ ÀüÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ·¯½Ã¾Æ¾È¿¡(¼­) ¿Ü±³ ·çÆ®µéÀ» ·¯½Ã¾Æ ´ç±¹ ±×¸®°í ±¹Á¦ Á¶Á÷µé¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ´Â °Í¿¡°Ô »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¸Ó¹«¸£´Â °ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿¹¹æÇÏ·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇß½À´Ï´Ù . ¸¹Àº ÄÉÀ̽ºµé¾È¿¡(¼­) , ºÏÇÑ ´ç±¹Àº ·¯½Ã¾Æ ´ç±¹¿¡°Ô ÀüÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é º¸È£ ½Ã¼³¿¡ ·¯½Ã¾Æ , ¶ÇÇÑ ¾îµò°¡¿¡¼­µµ¾È¿¡(¼­) ÀÀ½ÃÇÑ Æ¯º°ÇÑ ºÏÇÑÀÎÀÌ ºÏÇѾÈÀÇ ¹üÁËÀÇ ¹üÁËÀÚ À̶ó°í ¸»Çß½À´Ï´Ù . ±×µéÀÇ ³ª¶ó·Î ¾çÂÊÀÇ ±¹°¡µé °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ 1957¿¡ ¼­¸íµÈ º»±¹ ¼Ûȯ Á¶¾àÀÌ ¹üÀÎ ·¹ÄÚµåµéÀ» °¡Áö°í Àú »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÕ´Ï´Ù µ¹¾Æ°¡Áý´Ï´Ù .
 
 From 1959 to 1982, 93,000 Korean residents of Japan, including 6,637 Japanese wives, voluntarily repatriated to North Korea. Despite DPRK assurances that the wives, more than a third of whom still had Japanese citizenship, would be allowed to visit Japan every 2 or 3 years, none were permitted to do so until 1997. However, many have not been heard from, and their relatives and friends in Japan have been unsuccessful in their efforts to gain information about their condition and whereabouts.
 
 1959 to 1982·ÎºÎÅÍ , 6,637 ÀϺ» ¾Æ³»µéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â ÀϺ»ÀÇ 93,000 Çѱ¹(ÀÇ) °ÅÁÖÀÚµéÀÌ , , ºÏÇÑÀ¸·Î ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀ¸·Î º»±¹À¸·Î µ¹¾Æ°¬½À´Ï´Ù . DPRK º¸Áõµé¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ¾Æ³»µé , ´©±¸ÀÇ 3¹ø° ÀÌ»ó ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ÀϺ» ½Ã¹Î±ÇÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù , ¸ðµç 2 , ¶ÇÇÑ 3 ³âµé¿¡ ÀϺ»À» ¹æ¹®ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» Çã¶ôÇÒ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù , ¾Æ¹«µµ°¡ ±×·¸°Ô 1997±îÁö ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» Çã¿ëµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù .ÇÏÁö¸¸ , ´ë´Ù¼ö°¡ µé¸®Áö ¾Ê¾Ò°í , ±×¸®°í ÀϺ»¾ÈÀÇ ±×µéÀÇ Ä£Ã´µé ±×¸®°í Ä£±¸µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ Á¶°Ç¿¡ °üÇÑ Á¤º¸ ±×¸®°í whereabouts¸¦ ¾òÀ» ±×µéÀÇ ³ë·Âµé¾È¿¡(¼­) ½ÇÆÐÇß½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 The DPRK and the Japanese Government held a series of bilateral meetings in Beijing in the second half of 1997, during which the DPRK agreed to allow some Japanese wives resident in North Korea to visit Japan. The first such visit occurred in November 1997 when 15 Japanese wives arrived for a 1-week visit. An additional 12 Japanese wives visited for a week in January and February 1998. However, in June 1999 the DPRK cancelled a visit by Japanese wives to Japan, citing "artificial hurdles and inhuman acts on the Japanese side." The visits resumed after the Japanese Government and the DPRK restarted normalization talks in April. A group of 16 Japanese wives visited Japan from September 12 to 16.
 
 DPRK ±×¸®°í ÀϺ» Á¤ºÎ°¡ µÎ¹ø° Àý¹ÝÀÇ 1997¿¡ ºÏ°æ¾ÈÀÇ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ½Ö¹«ÀûÀΠȸÀǵéÀ» °³ÃÖÇÏ°í , DPRK´Â ÀϺ»À» ¹æ¹®Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ºÏÇѾȿ¡(¼­) ¾à°£ÀÇ ÀϺ» ¾Æ³»µé¿¡°Ô °ÅÁÖÀÚ¸¦ ÁÖ±â·Î µ¿ÀÇÇß½À´Ï´Ù . ù¹ø° ±×·± ¹æ¹®Àº 1997 11¿ù¿¡ 15 ÀϺ» ¾Æ³»µéÀÌ 1-week ¹æ¹®À» À§ÇÏ¿© µµÂøÇÒ ¶§ ¹ß»ýÇß½À´Ï´Ù . ºÎ°¡ÀÇ 12 ÀϺ» ¾Æ³»µéÀÌ ÁÖµ¿¾È 1998 1¿ù ±×¸®°í 2¿ù¿¡ ¹æ¹®Çß½À´Ï´Ù . ÇÏÁö¸¸ , 1999 6¿ù¿¡ DPRK°¡ ÀϺ»À¸·Î °¡´Â ÀϺ» ¾Æ³»µé ¿· ¹æ¹®À» Ãë¼ÒÇß½À´Ï´Ù , ÀοëÇÕ´Ï´Ù " ÀΰøÀûÀÎ Çãµé ±×¸®°í ÀϺ» ÃøÀ§ ³ÃȤÇÑ ÇàÀ§µé . " ¹æ¹®µéÀº ÀϺ» Á¤ºÎ ±×¸®°í DPRK°¡ ´Ù½Ã ½ÃÀÛÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡ ´Ù½Ã ½ÃÀÛÇß½À´Ï´Ù Ç¥ÁØÈ­´Â 4¿ù¿¡ ¾ê±âÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ÀÏ´ÜÀÇ 16 ÀϺ» ¾Æ³»µéÀÌ 9¿ù 12 to 16·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀϺ»À» ¹æ¹®Çß½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 Although the DPRK has permitted an increasing number of overseas Koreans to visit their relatives in North Korea over the past decade, most requests for such visits are still denied. From August 15-18, the DPRK and the Republic of Korea sent delegations of 100 members of separated families to each other's capitals for family reunion meetings. However, the meetings generally were of limited duration and certain topics were not allowed to be discussed. From November 30 to December 2, a second such reunion took place, and further reunions were scheduled for 2001. Many foreign visitors to the 1995 International Pyongyang Sports Festival reported that they were denied permission to visit or otherwise contact their relatives, even those who lived only a few miles from Pyongyang.
 
 DPRK°¡ ÇØ¿Ü Çѱ¹ÀξîÀÇ Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â ¼ö°¡ Áö³­ 10³â³»³»ÀÇ ºÏÇѾȿ¡(¼­) ±×µéÀÇ Ä£Ã´µéÀ» ¹æ¹®ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» Çã¿ëÇÒÁö¶óµµ , ±×·± ¹æ¹®µéÀ» À§ÇÑ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¿äûµéÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ºÎÁ¤µË´Ï´Ù . 8¿ù·ÎºÎÅÍ 15-18 , DPRK ±×¸®°í Çѱ¹ÀÇ °øÈ­±¹ÀÌ °¡Á· Àç°áÇÕ È¸ÀǵéÀ» À§ÇÑ ¼­·ÎÀÇ ¼öµµµé·Î °¡´Â °³º°ÀûÀÎ °¡Á·µéÀÇ 100 ȸ¿øµéÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ ÆÄ°ßµéÀ» º¸³Â½À´Ï´Ù . ÇÏÁö¸¸ , ȸÀǵéÀÌ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦ÇÑµÈ Áö¼Ó ±×¸®°í Á¤È®ÇÑ È­Á¦µéÀÇ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù ÀdzíµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ Çã¶ôµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù . 11¿ù 30 to 12¿ù 2·ÎºÎÅÍ , µÎ¹ø° ±×·± Àç°áÇÕÀº ¹ß»ý ÇÕ´Ï´Ù , ±×¸®°í ¸Ö¸® Àç°áÇÕµéÀº 2001·Î °èȹµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù . 1995 ±¹Á¦ Æò¾ç ½ºÆ÷Ã÷ ÃàÁ¦µé¿¡ÀÇ ¸¹Àº ÀÌÁúÀûÀÎ ¼Õ´ÔµéÀº ±×µéÀÌ ¹æ¹®ÇÒ Çã°¡¸¦ °ÅÀý´çÇÑ´Ù°í º¸°íÇß½À´Ï´Ù , ¶ÇÇÑ ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é Á¢ÃË ½ÉÁö¾î Æò¾çÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼Ò¼öÀÇ ¸¶ÀÏµé ¶³¾îÁ® »ê ±×µé , ±×µéÀÇ Ä£Ã´µé .
 
 Although more foreign journalists have been allowed into North Korea, the Government still maintains the strictest control over the movements of foreign visitors. For example, journalists accompanying a foreign minister from another country were not allowed to visit a department store or a train station; they were not allowed to talk to officials or to persons on the street. Those who arrived with cellular or satellite phones had them confiscated for the duration of their stay.
 
 ´õ ÀÌÁúÀûÀÎ Àú³Î¸®½ºÆ®µéÀÌ ºÏÇѾÈÀ¸·Î Çã¶ôµÉÁö¶óµµ , Á¤ºÎ´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ÀÌÁúÀûÀÎ ¼Õ´ÔµéÀÇ ¿îµ¿µéÀ§ÀÇ °¡Àå ¾ö°ÝÇÑ Á¦¾î¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é , ´Ù¸¥ ÇϳªÀÇ ³ª¶ó·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿Ü¹«ºÎ Àå°üÀ» µ¿¹ÝÇÏ´Â Àú³Î¸®½ºÆ®µéÀº ¹éÈ­Á¡ , ¶ÇÇÑ ±³Åë ¹ý¿øÀ» ¹æ¹®ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Çã¶ôµÇÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù ; ±×µéÀº °ü¸®µé¿¡°Ô , ¶ÇÇÑ °Å¸®À§ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¾ê±âÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Çã¶ôµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù . ¼¼Æ÷°°Àº °ÍÀ» °¡Áö°í µµÂøÇÏ´Â ±×µé , ¶ÇÇÑ À§¼º ÀüÈ­µéÀÌ ±×µéÀ» ±×µéÀÇ Ã¼·ùÀÇ Áö¼Óµ¿¾È ¸ô¼öÇØÁö°Ô Çß½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 Reports, primarily from refugees, indicate that the Government routinely uses forced resettlement, particularly for those deemed politically unreliable.
 
 ÀÌÁÖ¸¦ °­¿äÇÏ°í , Ưº°È÷ ±×µéÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Â °Í¿¡ »ý°¢µÇ¾î¼­ º¸°í¼­µéÀº , ÁÖ·Î µµ¸ÁÀÚµé·ÎºÎÅÍ , Á¤ºÎ°¡ ÀÏ»óÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³ªÅ¸³Â½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 Although the DPRK is a member of the United Nations, it does not participate in international refugee forums, and it is not in contact with the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees. There is no known policy or provision for first asylum.
 
 ±¹Á¦ µµ¸ÁÀÚ Æ÷·³µé¾È¿¡(¼­) DPRK°¡ ±¹Á¦ ¿¬ÇÕÀÇ È¸¿ø ÀÏÁö¶óµµ , ±×°ÍÀÌ °ü¿©ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í , ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº À¯¿£°ú ÇÔ²² ÀÖ´Â Á¢Ã˾ȿ¡(¼­) ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù .µµ¸ÁÀÚµéÀ» À§ÇÑ °íµî Æǹ«°ü . ¾î¶² ¾Ë·ÁÁö´Â Á¤Ã¥ , ¶ÇÇÑ Ã¹¹ø° º¸È£ ½Ã¼³À» À§ÇÑ °ø±ÞÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 Section 3 Respect for Political Rights: The Right of Citizens to Change Their Government
 
 ºÎºÐ 3 ½Ã¹Î(ÀÇ ÂüÁ¤)±ÇÀ» À§ÇÑ °æÀÇ : ±×µéÀÇ Á¤ºÎ¸¦ ¹Ù²Ü ½Ã¹ÎµéÀÇ ±Ç¸®
 
 Citizens have no right or mechanisms to change their leadership or government. The political system is completely dominated by the KWP, with Kim Il Sung's heir Kim Jong Il in full control. Very little reliable information is available on intraregime politics following Kim Il Sung's death. The legislature, the Supreme People's Assembly (SPA), which meets only a few days a year, serves only to rubber-stamp resolutions presented to it by the party leadership. In October 1997, Kim Jong Il acceded to the position of General Secretary of the Korean Worker's Party. In September 1998, the SPA reconfirmed Kim as the Chairman of the National Defense Commission and declared that position the "highest office of State." The presidency was abolished, leaving the late Kim Il Sung as the DPRK's only President. The titular head of state is Kim Yong Nam, the President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly.
 
 ½Ã¹ÎµéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ¸®´õ½Ê , ¶ÇÇÑ Á¤ºÎ¸¦ ¹Ù²Ü ¾î¶² ±Ç¸® , ¶ÇÇÑ ¸ÅÄ¿´ÏÁòµéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù . Á¤Ä¡ ü°è°¡ ³ÑÄ¡´Â Á¦¾î¾ÈÀÇ Kim Il SungÀÇ »ó¼ÓÀÎ Kim Jong Il°ú ÇÔ²² , KWP¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Áö¹èµË´Ï´Ù . ¸Å¿ì ÀûÀº ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á¤º¸°¡ Kim Il SungÀÇ Á×À½ÀÇ µÚ¿¡ intraregime Á¤Ä¡Çп¡ °üÇÏ¿© ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù . ÀÔ¹ýºÎ , ³â ¼Ò¼öÀÇ ³¯µé¿¡ ¸¸³ª´Â ÃÖ°íÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÇȸ ( ¿Âõ ) , ±×°Í¿¡ ÆÄƼ ¸®´õ½Ê °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ Á¦°øµÈ rubber-stamp °áÀǵ鿡 , ¾µ¸ð°¡ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù . 1997 10¿ù¿¡ , Kim Jong IlÀÌ Çѱ¹(ÀÇ) ³ëµ¿ÀÚÀÇ ÆÄƼÀÇ ¼­±âÀåÀÇ À§Ä¡¿¡ ÃëÀÓÇß½À´Ï´Ù . 1998 9¿ù¿¡ , ¿ÂõÀº ±¹°¡ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¾î À§ÀÓÀÇ ÀÇÀå KimÀ» ÀçÈ®ÀÎÇÏ°í ±×¸®°í Àú À§Ä¡°¡ »óÅÂÀÇ " °¡Àå ³ôÀº »ç¹«½ÇÀ̶ó°í ¼±¾ðÇß½À´Ï´Ù . " ´ÊÀº Kim Il¿¡°Ô DPRKÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ´ëÅë·É ³ë·¡ÇØÁö´Â °ÍÀ» ³²±â¸é¼­ , ´ëÅë·É(Á÷)ÀÌ ÆóÁöµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù . »óÅÂÀÇ À¯¸í¹«½ÇÇÑ ¸Ó¸®°¡ Kim Yong Nam , ÃÖ°íÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÇȸÀÇ »óÀÓ °£ºÎȸÀÇ ´ëÅë·É ÀÔ´Ï´Ù .
 
 In an effort to give the appearance of democracy, the DPRK has created several "minority parties." Lacking grassroots organizations, they exist only as rosters of officials with token representation in the Supreme People's Assembly. Their primary purpose appears to be promoting government objectives abroad as touring parliamentarians. Free elections do not exist, and the regime has criticized the concept of free elections and competition among political parties as an artifact of capitalist decay.
 
 ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇÀÇ ÃâÇöÀ» ÁÙ ³ë·Â¾È¿¡(¼­) , DPRK°¡ ¸î¸î âÁ¶Çß½À´Ï´Ù " ¼Ò¼ö ÆÄƼµé . " ºÎÁ·ÇÑ grassroots Á¶Á÷µé , ±×µéÀÌ À̸§»ÓÀÎ ¼³¸íÀ» °¡Áö°í °ü¸®µéÀÇ ¸í´ÜµéÀ» ´ÜÁö ÃÖ°íÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÇȸ¾È¿¡(¼­) Á¸ÀçÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ±×µéÀÇ ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀÌ ÇÏ¿ø ÀÇ¿øµéÀ» ¿©ÇàÇÒ ¶§ ÇØ¿Ü¿¡¼­ Á¤ºÎ ¸ñÇ¥µéÀ» ÃËÁøÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù . ¹«·áÀÇ ¼±°ÅµéÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í , ±×¸®°í Á¦µµ´Â ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀÚÀÇ ºÎ½ÄÀÇ Àΰø¹° Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ÆÄƼµéÀÇ °¡¿îµ¥ ¹«·áÀÇ ¼±°Åµé ±×¸®°í °æÀïÀÇ °³³äÀ» ºñÆòÇß½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 Elections to the Supreme People's Assembly and to provincial, city, and county assemblies are held irregularly. In July 1998, SPA elections were held for the first time since 1990. According to the government-controlled media, over 99 percent of the voters participated to elect 100 percent of the candidates approved by the KWP. Results of previous SPA elections have produced virtually identical outcomes. The vast majority of the KWP's estimated 3 million members (in a population of 23 million) work to implement decrees formulated by the Party's small elite.
 
 ÃÖ°íÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÇȸ¿¡ÀÇ ±×¸®°í Áö¹æÀο¡°ÔÀÇ ¼±°Åµé , µµ½Ã , ±×¸®°í Ä«¿îƼ ÀÇȸµéÀÌ ºÒ±ÔÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀâÈü´Ï´Ù . 1998 7¿ù¿¡ , ¿Âõ ¼±°ÅµéÀÌ 1990¸¦ ÀâÇû½À´Ï´Ù . government-controlledÇÑ ¸Åü¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé , KWP¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¸¸Á·½º·¯¿öÇØÁö´Â Èĺ¸ÀÚµéÀÇ 100 ÆÛ¼¾Æ®¸¦ »Ì±â À§ÇÏ¿© °ü¿©ÇØÁø ÅõÇ¥ÀÚµéÀÇ 99 ÆÛ¼¾Æ®À§¿¡ . ÀÌÀüÀÇ ¿Âõ ¼±°ÅµéÀÇ °á°úµéÀÌ »ç½Ç»ó µ¿ÀÏÇÑ °á°úµéÀ» »ý»êÇß½À´Ï´Ù . KWPÀÇ °ÍÀÇ ±¤È°ÇÑ °ú¹Ý¼ö´Â ( 23 ¹é¸¸ÀÇ Àα¸¾È¿¡(¼­) ) 3 ¹é¸¸ ȸ¿øµéÀÌ ÆÄƼÀÇ ÀÛÀº ¿¤¸®Æ® °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ °ø½ÄÈ­ÇØÁö´Â ¹ý·ÉµéÀ» ±¸ÇöÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ÀÏÇÑ´Ù°í Æò°¡Çß½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 Few women have reached high levels of the Party or the Government.
 
 ¸î¸î ¿©¼ºµéÀÌ ÆÄƼ , ¶ÇÇÑ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ³ôÀº ·¹º§µé¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 Section 4 Governmental Attitude Regarding International and Nongovernmental Investigation of Alleged Violations of Human Rights
 
 ºÎºÐ 4 ÀαÇÀÇ ÁÖÀåµÇ´Â À§¹ÝµéÀÇ ±¹Á¦ ±×¸®°í Nongovernmental Á¶»ç¿¡ °üÇÑ Á¤Ä¡ÀÇ Åµµ
 
 The Government does not permit any independent domestic organizations to monitor human rights conditions or to comment on violations of such rights. Although a North Korean Human Rights Committee was established in 1992, it denies the existence of any human rights violations in North Korea. However, by offering international human rights organizations an identifiable official interlocutor, the Committee helped increase the ability of international human rights organizations to enter into two-way communication with the regime.
 
 Á¤ºÎ´Â ¾ó¸¶°£ÀÇ µ¶¸³ÇÏ´Â °¡Á¤ÀÇ Á¶Á÷µéÀÌ À뱂 Á¶°ÇµéÀ» ¸ð´ÏÅÍÇÏ°í , ¶ÇÇÑ ±×·± ±Ç¸®µéÀÇ À§¹Ýµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» Çã¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù . ºÏÇÑ À뱂 À§¿øȸ°¡ 1992¿¡ , ±×°ÍÀÌ ºÏÇѾȿ¡(¼­) ¾ó¸¶°£ÀÇ À뱂 À§¹ÝµéÀÇ Á¸À縦 ºÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» È®¸³µÉÁö¶óµµ . ÇÏÁö¸¸ , ±¹Á¦ À뱂 Á¶Á÷µé¿¡°Ô ¿·¿¡ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ ´ëÈ­ÀÚ¸¦ Á¦°øÇϸ鼭 , À§¿øȸ°¡ Á¦µµ¿Í ÇÔ²² ÀÖ´Â ½Ö¹æÇâ Åë½Å¿¡ °ü¿©ÇÒ ±¹Á¦ À뱂 Á¶Á÷µéÀÇ ´É·ÂÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°´Â °ÍÀ» µµ¿Ô½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 Although the World Food Program has been given access to most counties in North Korea, it has been excluded from several dozen. Foreign aid workers and aid workers from international organizations, who provide substantial food aid, frequently are denied access to sites where this food is distributed, and thus are unable consistently to verify that the aid reaches its intended recipients. Many foreign NGO's report being charged large fees by Government officials to get visas for foreign staff, to set up offices, and to establish programs. There have been reports of abduction of ethnic Korean aid workers by government officials; some victims were required to pay a large fine to obtain their release.
 
 ¼¼°è ½Ä·®°èȹ ±â±¸°¡ ºÏÇѾȿ¡(¼­) ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Ä«¿îƼµé·Î °¡´Â Á¢±ÙÀ» ¹ÞÀ»Áö¶óµµ , ±×°ÍÀº ¸î¸î ´Ù½º·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¦¿ÜµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù . ±¹Á¦ Á¶Á÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ´ë¿Ü ¿øÁ¶ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµé ±×¸®°í ¿øÁ¶ ³ëµ¿ÀÚ , ½ÇÁúÀûÀÎ ½Ä·® ¿øÁ¶°¡ , ÀÌ À½½ÄÀÌ ¹èÆ÷ÇØÁý´Ï´Ù ÀÚÁÖ Àå¼Òµé·Î °¡´Â Á¢±ÙÀ» °ÅÀý´çÇÑ´Ù°í ±ÔÁ¤ÇÕ´Ï´Ù , ±×¸®°í ±×·¡¼­ ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ ¿øÁ¶°¡ ±×°ÍÀÇ ÀǵµµÈ recipients¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÑ´Ù°í Áõ¸íÇϱ⿡ ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù . ÀÌÁúÀûÀÎ ½ºÅÇÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ¿©±ÇµéÀ» ¾ò°í , »ç¹«½ÇµéÀ» ¼¼¿ì°í , ±×¸®°í ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µéÀ» È®¸³Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© Å« ¿ä±ÝµéÀÌ Á¤ºÎ Á÷¿øµé¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© û±¸µÇ´Â ¸¹Àº ÀÌÁúÀûÀÎ NGOÀÇ º¸°í¼­ . Á¤ºÎ Á÷¿øµé¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ À̱³µµÀÇ Çѱ¹(ÀÇ) ¿øÁ¶ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÇ À¯±«ÀÇ º¸°í¼­µéÀº ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù ; ¾à°£ÀÇ Èñ»ýÀÚµéÀº Å« ¹ú±Ý¿¡°Ô ±×µéÀÇ ÇعæÀ» ½ÀµæÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÁöºÒÇÒ°ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 In April 1998, during the 54th meeting of the U.N. Commision on Human Rights, the North Korean delegation accused the international community of slandering the DPRK's human rights record, adding that the DPRK Government would not tolerate "any attempt to hurt the sovereignty and dignity of the country under the pretext of human rights."
 
 1998 4¿ù¿¡ , À¯¿£ÀÇ 54¹ø° ȸÀǵ鵿¾È .ÀαÇÀ§ Commision , ºÏÇÑ ´ëÇ¥ ÆÄ°ßÀº DPRKÀÇ À뱂 ·¹Äڵ带 Áß»óÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÇ ±¹Á¦ °øµ¿Ã¼¸¦ °í¼ÒÇÕ´Ï´Ù , DPRK Á¤ºÎ°¡ ³Ê±×·´°Ô ºÁÁÖÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í µ¡ºÙ¿© ¸»ÇÕ´Ï´Ù " ÀαÇÀÇ ±¸½Ç¾Æ·¡¿¡ ³ª¶óÀÇ ÁÖ±Ç ±×¸®°í Á¸¾öÀ» ´ÙÄ¡°Ô ÇÒ ¾ó¸¶°£ÀÇ ½Ãµµ . "
 
 In 1996 a delegation from AI visited the DPRK and discussed legal reforms and prisoner cases with senior government officials. The Government has ignored requests for visits by other international human rights organizations, and none are known to have visited.
 
 ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ 1996 ´ëÇ¥ Æİ߾ȿ¡(¼­) DPRK¸¦ ¹æ¹®µË´Ï´Ù ±×¸®°í ¹ýÀûÀÎ °³Á¤µé ±×¸®°í ¼±¹è Á¤ºÎ Á÷¿øµé°ú ÇÔ²² ÀÖ´Â Á˼ö ÄÉÀ̽ºµéÀ» ÀdzíÇß½À´Ï´Ù . Á¤ºÎ°¡ ´Ù¸¥ ±¹Á¦ À뱂 Á¶Á÷µé °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ ¹æ¹®µéÀ» À§ÇÑ ¿äûµéÀ» ¹«½ÃÇß°í , ±×¸®°í ¾Æ¹«µµ´Â ¹æ¹®ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 In August 1997, the U.N. Subcommission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities adopted a resolution criticizing the DPRK for its human rights practices. The DPRK subsequently announced that it would withdraw from the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), calling the resolution an attack on its sovereignty. In October 1997, the U.N. Human Rights Committee issued a statement criticizing the attempt by North Korea to withdraw from the ICCPR, noting that countries that had ratified the ICCPR could not withdraw from the covenant. In August 1998, the Human Rights Committee readopted a resolution urging the DPRK to improve its human rights record. In July for the first time in 16 years, the regime submitted a report on human rights to the U.N. Human Rights Committee.
 
 1997 8¿ù¿¡ , À¯¿£ .DPRK¸¦ ±×°ÍÀÇ À뱂 ¿¬½Àµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ ºñÆòÇϸ鼭 ¼Ò¼öµéÀÇ ½Äº° ±×¸®°í º¸È£ÀÇ ¿¹¹æÀ§ SubcommissionÀÌ °áÀǸ¦ äÅÃÇß½À´Ï´Ù . DPRK´Â °è¼ÓÇÏ¿© °áÀǸ¦ ±×°ÍÀÇ ÁÖ±ÇÀ§ °ø°ÝÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸¥´Ù¸é , ±×°ÍÀÌ ±¹Á¦ Covenant¿¡¼­ °ø¹Î±Ç ±×¸®°í ½Ã¹Î(ÀÇ ÂüÁ¤)±Ç ( ICCPR )¶á킕 ö¼öÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¹ßÇ¥Çß½À´Ï´Ù . 1997 10¿ù¿¡ , À¯¿£ .ICCPR¿¡¼­ ö¼öÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ºÏÇÑ¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ½Ãµµ¸¦ ºñÆòÇÏ°í , ICCPR¸¦ ½ÂÀÎÇÑ Àú ³ª¶óµéÀÌ covenant¿¡¼­ ö¼öÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í ¾ð±ÞÇϸ鼭 À뱂 À§¿øȸ´Â Áø¼úÀ» À¯Æ÷½ÃÄ×½À´Ï´Ù . 1998 8¿ù¿¡ , À뱂 À§¿øȸ readoptedÇÕ´Ï´Ù °áÀÇ´Â DPRK°¡ ±×°ÍÀÇ À뱂 ·¹Äڵ带 °³¼±Çϵµ·Ï °­¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ÀαÇÀ§ º¸°í¼­¸¦ , Á¦µµ°¡ À¯¿£¿¡°Ô 16 ³âµé 7¿ù¿¡ Á¦½ÃÇß½À´Ï´Ù .À뱂 À§¿øȸ .
 
 Section 5 Discrimination Based on Race, Sex, Religion, Disability, Language, or Social Status
 
 ºÎºÐ 5 ½Äº°ÀÌ °æÀï , ¼ºº°À§¿¡ ±âÃÊÇß½À´Ï´Ù , Á¾±³ , ¹«´É , ¾ð¾î , , ¶ÇÇÑ »çȸÀû ÁöÀ§
 
 The Constitution grants equal rights to all citizens. However, in practice the Government denies its citizens most fundamental human rights. There was pervasive discrimination on the basis of social status.
 
 Çå¹ý Àΰ¡µéÀÌ ¸ðµç ½Ã¹Îµé¿¡°Ô ±Ç¸®µé°ú °°½À´Ï´Ù . ÇÏÁö¸¸ , ¿¬½À¾È¿¡(¼­) Á¤ºÎ°¡ ±×°ÍÀÇ ½Ã¹Îµé¿¡°Ô ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ±âº»Àû ÀαÇÀ» °ÅÀýÇÕ´Ï´Ù . »çȸÀû ÁöÀ§¸¦ ¸¸¿¬ÇÑ ½Äº°ÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 Women
 
 ¿©¼ºµé
 
 There is no information available on violence against women.
 
 ¿©¼ºµé¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ¿© ¾î¶² Á¤º¸°¡ Æø·ÂÀ§¿¡ ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 The Constitution states that "women hold equal social status and rights with men." However, although women are represented proportionally in the labor force, few women have reached high levels of the party or the Government. In many small factories, the work force is predominantly female. Like men, working-age women must work. They are thus required to leave their preschool children in the care of elderly relatives or in state nurseries. However, according to the Constitution, women with large families are to work shorter hours. There were reports of trafficking in women and young girls among North Koreans crossing the border into China (see Sections 6.c. and 6.f.).
 
 Çå¹ý »óŵé Àú°Í " ¿©¼ºµéÀÌ µ¿µîÇÑ »çȸÀû ÁöÀ§ ±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µé°ú ÇÔ²² ÀÖ´Â ±Ç¸®µéÀ» °³ÃÖÇÕ´Ï´Ù . " ÇÏÁö¸¸ , ¿©¼ºµéÀÌ ³ëµ¿·Â¾È¿¡(¼­) proportionally¸¦ ´ëÇ¥µÉÁö¶óµµ , ¸î¸î ¿©¼ºµéÀº ÆÄƼ , ¶ÇÇÑ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ³ôÀº ·¹º§µé¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù . ¸¹Àº ÀÛÀº °øÀåµé¾È¿¡(¼­) , ³ëµ¿ Àα¸°¡ ¿ì¼¼ÇÏ°Ô ¿©ÀÚÀÇ . »ç¶÷µé°ú °°ÀÌ , working-age ¿©¼ºµéÀÌ ÀÏÇØ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ±×µéÀÌ ±×·¡¼­ ÃÊ·ÎÀÇ Ä£Ã´µéÀÇ °ÆÁ¤¾È¿¡(¼­) , ¶ÇÇÑ »óžȿ¡(¼­) ±×µéÀÇ preschool ¾ÆÀ̵éÀ» ¶°³¯°ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸µË´Ï´Ù À°¾Æ½Çµé . ÇÏÁö¸¸ , Çå¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé , Å« °¡Á·µé°ú ÇÔ²² ÀÖ´Â ¿©¼ºµéÀÌ ´õ ªÀº ½Ã°£µé¿¡ ÀÏÇÏ°Ô µË´Ï´Ù . ºÏÂÊ Çѱ¹Àξ¿îµ¥ ¿©¼ºµé ±×¸®°í ¾î¸° ¼Ò³àµéÀÌ Áß±¹¾ÈÀÇ °æ°è¸¦ °Ç³Ê´Â °Í¾È¿¡(¼­) ¸Å¸ÅÀÇ º¸°í¼­µéÀº ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù ( ºÎºÐµéÀ» º¾´Ï´Ù 6.c .±×¸®°í 6.f. ) .
 
 Children
 
 ¾ÆÀ̵é
 
 Social norms reflect traditional, family-centered values in which children are cherished. The State provides compulsory education for all children until the age of 15. Some children are denied educational opportunities and subjected to other punishments and disadvantages as a result of the loyalty classification system and the principle of "collective retribution" for the transgressions of their parents (see Section 1.f.).
 
 »çȸÀû Ç¥ÁصéÀº ¾î¶² ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÌ ¼ÒÁßÈ÷ µÇ´ÂÁö¾È¿¡(¼­) ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ , family-centeredÇÑ °¡Ä¡µéÀ» ¹Ý¿µÇÕ´Ï´Ù . »óÅ°¡ Àǹ«ÀûÀÎ ±³À°À» ¸ðµç ¾ÆÀ̵鿡°Ô 15ÀÇ ³ªÀ̱îÁö °ø±ÞÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ¾à°£ÀÇ ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÌ ±³À°ÀÇ ±âȸµéÀ» °ÅÀý´çÇÏ°í ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ ºÎ¸ðµéÀÇ transgressions¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© " Áý´ÜÀûÀÎ º¸º¹ "톩 Ã漺 ºÐ·ù ½Ã½ºÅÛ ±×¸®°í ¿øÄ¢ÀÇ °á°ú·Î¼­ ´Ù¸¥ Çü¹úµé ±×¸®°í ºÒ¸®µéÀ» °Þ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù ( ºÎºÐÀ» º¾´Ï´Ù 1.f. ) .
 
 According to the World Food Program, the international community is feeding nearly every child under the age of 7 years. In some remote provinces, many persons over the age of 6 years reportedly appear to be suffering from long-term malnutrition. A nutrition survey carried out by UNICEF and the World Food Program in the aftermath of flood disasters found that 16 percent of children under 7 years of age suffered from acute malnutrition and that 62 percent suffered from stunted growth. In August 1997, a senior UNICEF official said that about 80,000 children were in immediate danger of dying from hunger and disease; 800,000 more were suffering from malnutrition to a serious but lesser degree.
 
 ¼¼°è ½Ä·®°èȹ ±â±¸¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé , ±¹Á¦ °øµ¿Ã¼°¡ ³âµé¿¡ 7ÀÇ ³ªÀ̾Ʒ¡¿¡ °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç ¾ÆÀ̸¦ ¸ÔÀÌ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù . ¾à°£ÀÇ ¶³¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Â Áö¹æµé¾È¿¡(¼­) , 6ÀÇ ³ªÀÌÀ§ÀÇ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé ³âµé ÀüÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé Àå±â(ÀûÀÎ) ¿µ¾ç ½ÇÁ¶·Î °í»ýÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù . È«¼ö ºÒÇàµéÀ» UNICEF ±×¸®°í ¼¼°è ½Ä·®°èȹ ±â±¸ °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ Çس»Áö´Â ¿µ¾ç ¼·Ãë ¹Ù¶óº½Àº ³ªÀÌÀÇ 7 ³âµé¾Æ·¡ÀÇ ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÇ 16 ÆÛ¼¾Æ®°¡ ¿¹¸®ÇÑ ¿µ¾ç ½ÇÁ¶·Î °í»ýÇÏ°í ±×¸®°í Àú 62 ÆÛ¼¾Æ®°¡ ½ºÅÏÆ®¸¦ µÇ´Â ¼ºÀåÀ¸·Î °í»ýÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°ÔµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù . 1997 8¿ù¿¡ , ¼±¹è UNICEF °ü¸®´Â ´ë·« 80,000 ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÌ ±¾ÁÖ¸² ±×¸®°í º´À¸·Î Á×´Â °ÍÀÇ Áï°¢ÀûÀÎ À§Çè¾È¿¡(¼­) ÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÕ´Ï´Ù ; 800,000´Â ½É°¢ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×·¯³ª ´õ ´úÇÑ Á¤µµ¿¡ ¿µ¾ç ½ÇÁ¶·Î ´õ °í»ýÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 Like others in society, children are the objects of intense political indoctrination; even mathematics textbooks propound party dogma. In addition foreign visitors and academic sources report that children from an early age are subjected to several hours a week of mandatory military training and indoctrination at their schools. School children sometimes are sent to work in factories or in the fields for short periods to assist in completing special projects or in meeting production goals.
 
 »çȸ¾ÈÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ °Íµé°ú °°ÀÌ , ¾ÆÀ̵éÀº °­ÇÑ Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ÁÖÀÔÀÇ ¹°Ã¼µé ÀÔ´Ï´Ù ; ½ÉÁö¾î ¼öÇÐ ±³°ú¼­µéÀº ÆÄƼ µµ±×¸¶¸¦ Á¦¾ÈÇÕ´Ï´Ù . Ãß°¡¾È¿¡(¼­) ÀÌÁúÀûÀÎ ¼Õ´Ôµé ±×¸®°í Çпø ÃâóµéÀº À̸¥ ³ªÀ̷κÎÅÍÀÇ ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÌ À§ÀӵǴ ±º´ë ±³·Ã ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ Çб³µé¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÁÖÀÔÀÇ ÁÖ¸¦ ¸î¸î ½Ã°£µé¿¡ º¹Á¾½ÃÄÑÁø´Ù°í º¸°íÇÕ´Ï´Ù . Çб³ ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÌ ¶§¶§·Î °øÀåµé¾È¿¡(¼­) , ¶ÇÇÑ ÂªÀº ±â°£µéµ¿¾ÈÀÇ Çʵåµé¾È¿¡(¼­) »ý»ê ¸ñÇ¥µéÀÇ Æ¯º°ÇÑ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®µéÀ» ¿Ï¼ºÇÏ´Â °Í¾È¿¡(¼­) , ¶ÇÇÑ È¸ÀǸ¦ µ½±â À§ÇÏ¿© ÀÏÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¹Þ½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 In practice children do not enjoy any more civil liberties than adults. In June 1998, the U.N. Committee on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) released its concluding observations on a February 1996 report submitted by the DPRK, detailing its adherence to the International Convention on the Rights of the Child. The UNCRC found that the DPRK strategy, policies, and programs for children do not fully reflect the rights-based approach enshrined in the convention. The UNCRC also expressed concern over de facto discrimination against children with disabilities and at the insufficient measures taken by the state party to ensure that these children have effective access to health, education, and social services, and to facilitate their full integration into society.
 
 ¾î¸¥µéÀ» ´õ ÀÌ»ó ½Ã¹ÎÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯µéÀÌ do ¿¬½À ¾ÆÀ̵é¾È¿¡(¼­) Áñ±âÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù . 1998 6¿ù¿¡ , À¯¿£ .¾ÆÀÌÀÇ ±Ç¸®µéÀ§ ±¹Á¦ °ü½ÀÀ¸·Î ±×°ÍÀÇ °íÁýÀ» ¿­°ÅÇϸ鼭 , 1996 2¿ù º¸°í¼­À§¿¡ ±×°ÍÀÇ ³¡³ª´Â °üÂûµéÀ» Ç®¸®´Â ¾ÆÀÌ ( UNCRC )톩 ±Ç¸®µéÀ§ À§¿øȸ°¡ DPRK¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ±¼º¹Çß½À´Ï´Ù . UNCRC´Â ã¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù that DPRK Àü·« , Á¤Ã¥µé , ±×¸®°í ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µé ¾ÆÀ̵éÀº ÃæºÐÈ÷ rights-basedÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ °ü½À¾È¿¡(¼­) °£Á÷Çß´Ù°í °õ°õÈ÷ »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù . UNCRC´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ¹«´ÉµéÀ» °¡Áø ¾ÆÀ̵鿡 ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â de facto ½Äº°À§ÀÇ °ü½ÉÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇß½À´Ï´Ù ±×¸®°í ºÒÃæºÐÇÑ Ä¡¼öµé¿¡(¼­) ±¹°¡ÀÇ ÆÄƼ °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ ÀÌµé ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÌ °Ç°­¿¡ÀÇ È¿°úÀû Á¢±Ù , ±³À°À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» È®½ÇÈ÷ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °¡Á®°¡Áý´Ï´Ù , ±×¸®°í »çȸ º¹Áöµé , ±×¸®°í »çȸ¾ÈÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀÇ ³ÑÄ¡´Â ÅëÇÕÀ» ¿ëÀÌÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â °Í .
 
 In the fall of 1998, the NGO's Doctors Without Borders (DWB) and Doctors of the World closed their offices in the country because the Government reportedly denied them access to a large population of sick and malnourished children. DWB officials said that they had evidence that orphaned and homeless children had been gathered into so-called "9-27 camps." These camps reportedly were established under a September 27, 1995 order from Kim Jong Il to "normalize" the country. North Korean refugees who have escaped from the 9-27 camps into China have reported inhuman conditions.
 
 1998ÀÇ °¡À»¾È¿¡(¼­) , ¼¼°èÀÇ °æ°èµé ( DWB ) ±×¸®°í ÀÇ»çµé¾ø´Â NGOÀÇ ÀÇ»çµéÀº ÀüÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀ» °ÅÀý´çÇÏ´Â Á¤ºÎ°¡ ¾ÆÇ ±×¸®°í ¿µ¾ç ºÎÁ·ÀÇ ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÇ Å« Àα¸·Î Á¢±ÙÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ³ª¶ó¾ÈÀÇ ±×µéÀÇ »ç¹«½Çµé¿¡ Á¢±ÙÇß½À´Ï´Ù . DWB °ü¸®µéÀº ±×µéÀÌ Àú°ÍÀÌ °í¾Æ·Î ¸¸µå´Â Áõ°Å¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ°í ±×¸®°í Áý ¾ø´Â ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÌ À̸¥¹Ù ¸ðÀ̾ú´Ù°í ¸»Çß½À´Ï´Ù " 9-27 Ä·ÇÁµé . " À̵é Ä·ÇÁµéÀÌ Kim Jong IlÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ 1995 , 9¿ù 27 ¸í·É¾Æ·¡¿¡ ÀüÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé " Á¤»óÈ­µÇ´Â °Í¿¡ " È®¸³µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù ³ª¶ó . Áß±¹¾ÈÀÇ 9-27 Ä·ÇÁµé¿¡¼­ µµ¸Á°£ ºÏÇÑ µµ¸ÁÀÚµéÀÌ ³ÃȤÇÑ Á¶°ÇµéÀ» º¸°íÇß½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 Information about societal or familial abuse of children is unavailable. There were reports of trafficking in young girls among North Koreans crossing the border into China (see Sections 6.c. and 6.f.).
 
 societal¿¡ °üÇÑ Á¤º¸ , ¶ÇÇÑ ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÇ °¡Á· Çд밡 Á¸Àç¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù . ºÏÂÊ Çѱ¹ÀεéÀÌ Áß±¹¾ÈÀÇ °æ°è¸¦ °Ç³Ê´Â °Í°¡¿îµ¥ ¾î¸° ¼Ò³àµé¾ÈÀÇ ¸Å¸ÅÀÇ º¸°í¼­µéÀº ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù ( ºÎºÐµéÀ» º¾´Ï´Ù 6.c .±×¸®°í 6.f. ) .
 
 People with Disabilities
 
 ¹«´ÉµéÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µé
 
 Traditional social norms condone discrimination against the physically disabled. Apart from disabled veterans, disabled persons almost never are seen within the city limits of Pyongyang, and several defectors and other former residents report that disabled persons are assigned to the rural areas routinely. According to one report, authorities check every 2 to 3 years in the capital for persons with deformities and relocate them to special facilities in the countryside. There are no legally mandated provisions for accessibility to buildings or government services for the disabled. In an April 1998 statement, the U.N. Committee on the Rights of the Child criticized "de facto discrimination" in the country against children with disabilities.
 
 ÀüÅëÀûÀΠģ¸ñȸ Ç¥ÁصéÀÌ ¹°¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹«´É·ÂÇÏ°Ô µÈ ½Äº°À» ¿ë¼­ÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ¶³¾îÁ®¼­ »ç¿ë±ÝÁöÀÇ º£Å׶ûµé·ÎºÎÅÍ , »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¹«´É·ÂÇÏ°Ô µÈ °ÍÀÌ °ÅÀÇ °áÄÚ Æò¾çÀÇ µµ½Ã ÇÑ°èµé¼Ó¿¡ º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê°í , ±×¸®°í ¸î¸î Å»´çÀÚµé ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ¾ÕÀÇ °ÅÁÖÀÚµéÀº ¹«´É·ÂÇÏ°Ô µÈ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÏ»óÀûÀ¸·Î ½Ã°ñÀÇ Áö¿ªµé·Î ÇÒ´çÇØÁø´Ù°í º¸°íÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ÇϳªÀÇ º¸°í¼­¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé , ±ÇÀ§µéÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§ÇÑ ¼öµµ¿¡ ¸ðµç 2 to 3 ³âµé¿¡ ±âÇüµéÀ» °¡Áö°í üũÀÎÇÏ°í ±×¸®°í ½Ã°ñ¾ÈÀÇ Æ¯º°ÇÑ ½Ã¼³µé¿¡ ±×µéÀ» Àç¹èÄ¡ÇÕ´Ï´Ù . °Ç¹°µé , ¶ÇÇÑ Àå¾ÖÀÚ¸¦ À§ÇÑ Á¤ºÎ ¼­ºñ½ºµé·Î °¡´Â Á¢±Ù °¡´É¼ºÀ» À§ÇÑ ¾î¶² ¹ýÀûÀ¸·Î ¸í·ÉµÈ °ø±ÞµéÀÌ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù . 1998 4¿ù Áø¼ú , À¯¿£¾È¿¡(¼­) .¾ÆÀÌÀÇ ±Ç¸®µéÀ§ À§¿øȸ°¡ ¹«´ÉµéÀ» °¡Áø ¾ÆÀ̵鿡 ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â ³ª¶ó¾È¿¡(¼­) " de facto ½Äº° " ºñÆòÇß½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 Section 6 Worker Rights
 
 ºÎºÐ 6 ³ëµ¿ÀÚ ±Ç¸®µé
 
 a. The Right of Association
 
 . °ü·ÃÀÇ ±Ç¸®
 
 Nongovernmental labor unions do not exist. The KWP purports to represent the interests of all labor. There is a single labor organization, the General Federation of Trade Unions of Korea, which is affiliated with the formerly Soviet-controlled World Federation of Trade Unions. Operating under this umbrella, unions function on the classic "Stalinist model," with responsibility for mobilizing workers behind production goals and for providing health, education, cultural, and welfare facilities. Unions do not have the right to strike.
 
 Nongovernmental ³ëµ¿Á¶ÇÕµéÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù . KWPÀÌ ¸ðµç ³ëµ¿ÀÇ Èï¹ÌµéÀ» ´ëÇ¥ÇÑ´Ù°í ÀǹÌÇÕ´Ï´Ù . À¯ÀÏÇÑ ³ëµ¿ ´Üü , ÀÌÀü¿¡ ³ëµ¿ Á¶ÇÕµéÀÇ Soviet-controlled ¼¼°è ¿¬¹æÀ» ÇÕº´ÇØÁö´Â , Çѱ¹ÀÇ ³ëµ¿ Á¶ÇÕµéÀÇ Àü¹ÝÀûÀÎ ¿¬¹æÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù . ÀÌ ¿ì»ê¾Æ·¡¿¡ ÀÛµ¿ÇÏ°í , ¿¬ÇÕµé Ŭ·¡½Ä " ½ºÅ»¸°ÁÖÀÇÀÚ ¸ðµ¨ "¶á ±â´É , »ý»ê ¸ñÇ¥µéµÚ µ¿¿øµÇ´Â ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀ» À§ÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓÀ» °¡Áö°í ±×¸®°í °Ç°­ , ±³À°À» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© , ¹®È­ÀûÀÌ°í , ±×¸®°í º¹Áö ½Ã¼³µé . ¿¬ÇÕµéÀÌ °­Å¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿Ç°Ô ÇÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 North Korea is not a member of, but has observer status with, the International Labor Organization.
 
 ºÏÇÑÀÌ È¸¿øÀÌ ¾Æ´ÏÁö¸¸ , ±×·¯³ª °üÂûÀÚ ÁöÀ§¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù , ±¹Á¦ ³ëµ¿ ±â±¸ .
 
 b. The Right to Organize and Bargain Collectively
 
 B . Á¶Á÷È­ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿ÇÀº ±×¸®°í °è¾à ÁýÇÕÀûÀ¸·Î
 
 Workers have no right to organize or to bargain collectively. Government ministries set wages. The State assigns all jobs. Ideological purity is as important as professional competence in deciding who receives a particular job, and foreign companies that have established joint ventures report that all their employees must be hired from lists submitted by the KWP. Factory and farm workers are organized into councils, which do have an impact on management decisions.
 
 ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÌ Á¶Á÷È­ÇÏ°í , ¶ÇÇÑ ÁýÇÕÀûÀ¸·Î ÈïÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Æ´Ï¿À ¿ÇÀº °ÍÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù . Á¤ºÎ ºÎµéÀÌ ÀӱݵéÀ» ³õ¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù . »óÅ°¡ ¸ðµç ÀϵéÀ» ÇÒ´çÇÕ´Ï´Ù . À̵¥¿Ã·Î±âÀÇ ¼ø¼ö´Â ´©°¡ Ưº°ÇÑ ÀÏ , ±×¸®°í ÇÕÀÛ ÅõÀÚµéÀÌ ¸ðµç ±×µéÀÇ »ç¿øµéÀÌ KWP¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ±¼º¹ÇØÁø ¸ñ·Ïµé·ÎºÎÅÍ °í¿ëµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í º¸°íÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» È®¸³ÇÑ ÀÌÁúÀûÀΠȸ»çµéÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ´ÂÁö¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °Í¾È¿¡(¼­) Àü¹® ´É·Â Áß¿äÇÑ °Í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù . °øÀå ±×¸®°í ³óÀå ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÌ È¸Àǵé¾ÈÀ¸·Î , °ü¸® °áÁ¤µéÀ§ Ãæµ¹À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» Á¶Á÷È­µË´Ï´Ù .
 
 There is one free economic and trade zone (FETZ). The Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) negotiated a separate protocol and service contracts for workers at the site of its light water reactor project. The government agency, which supplied the labor to KEDO, bargained effectively on the workers behalf (see Section 6.e.).
 
 Çϳª°¡ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó½À´Ï´Ù °æÁ¦ÀÇ ±×¸®°í ¹«¿ª Á¸ ( FETZ ) . Çѱ¹(ÀÇ) ¹Ýµµ ¿¡³ÊÁö ¹ßÀü Á¶Á÷ ( KEDO ) ±×°ÍÀÇ °¡º­¿î ¹°ÀÇ Àå¼Ò¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ´Ù¸¥ ¿ø¾È ±×¸®°í ¼­ºñ½º °è¾àµéÀ» Çù»óÇß½À´Ï´Ù ¿øÀÚ·Î ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ® . , ³ëµ¿À» ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀ§¿¡ È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌÀÍÀ» ÈïÁ¤µÇ´Â , KEDO¿¡ °ø±ÞÇÑ Á¤ºÎ ±â°ü ( ºÎºÐÀ» º¾´Ï´Ù 6.e. ) .
 
 c. Prohibition of Forced or Compulsory Labor
 
 C . °­¿äÇÑ °ÍÀÇ ÁÖ·ù ¾çÁ¶ ÆǸŠ±ÝÁö , ¶ÇÇÑ Àǹ«ÀûÀÎ ³ëµ¿
 
 In its report to the U.N. Human Rights Committee, the regime stated that its laws prohibit forced or compulsory labor. The Government frequently mobilizes the population for construction projects. Military conscripts routinely are used for this purpose as well. "Reformatory labor" and "reeducation through labor" are common punishments for political offenses. AI reports that forced labor, such as logging and tending crops, is common among prisoners. School children are assigned to factories or farms for short periods to help meet production goals (see Section 5).
 
 À¯¿£¿¡°ÔÀÇ ±×°ÍÀÇ º¸°í¼­¾È¿¡(¼­) .À뱂 À§¿øȸ , ±×°ÍÀÇ ¹ýµéÀÌ ±ÝÁöÇÑ´Ù°í ¸»ÇØÁö´Â Á¦µµ´Â °­¿äÇß½À´Ï´Ù , ¶ÇÇÑ Àǹ«ÀûÀÎ ³ëµ¿ . Á¤ºÎ°¡ °Ç¼³ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®µéÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ÀÚÁÖ Àα¸¸¦ µ¿¿øÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ±º´ë ½Åº´µéÀÌ ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌ ¸ñÀûÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ÀÏ»óÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ¿ëµË´Ï´Ù . " Reformatory ³ëµ¿ " ±×¸®°í " ³ëµ¿À» ÅëÇÑ reeducationÀÌ " Á¤Ä¡¹üµéÀ» À§ÇÑ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ Çü¹úµé ÀÔ´Ï´Ù . ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀÌ ¹ú¸ñ°ú °°Àº , ³ëµ¿À» °­¿äÇß´Ù°í º¸°íÇÕ´Ï´Ù ±×¸®°í ¼öÈ®¹°µéÀ» µ¹º¸°í , Á˼öµéÀÇ °¡¿îµ¥ °øÀ¯Áö ÀÔ´Ï´Ù . Çб³ ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÌ °øÀåµé·Î ÇÒ´çÇØÁý´Ï´Ù , ¶ÇÇÑ ÂªÀº ±â°£µéµ¿¾ÈÀÇ ³óÀåµé ¸ðÀÓ »ý»ê ¸ñÇ¥µéÀ» µ½°í ( ºÎºÐÀ» º¾´Ï´Ù 5 ) .
 
 There are reports of the trafficking of North Korean women and young girls among North Koreans crossing the border into China. Many become brides, but some work in the sex industry. Many reportedly are held as virtual prisoners (see Sections 5 and 6.f.).
 
 ºÏÂÊ Çѱ¹ÀεéÀÌ Áß±¹¾ÈÀÇ °æ°è¸¦ °Ç³Ê´Â °Í°¡¿îµ¥ ºÏÇÑ ¿©¼ºµéÀÇ ¸Å¸Å ±×¸®°í ¾î¸° ¼Ò³àµéÀÇ º¸°í¼­µéÀº ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù . ¸¹Àº µÇ¾îÁö´Â ½ÅºÎµé , ±×·¯³ª ¼ºº° »ê¾÷¾ÈÀÇ ¾à°£ÀÇ ÀÏ . ´ë´Ù¼ö°¡ ÀüÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é °¡»ó Á˼öµé ÀâÈü´Ï´Ù ( ºÎºÐµéÀ» º¾´Ï´Ù 5 ±×¸®°í 6.f. ) .
 
 d. Status of Child Labor Practices and Minimum Age for Employment
 
 D . ¹Ì¼º³â ³ëµ¿ ¿¬½ÀµéÀÇ ÁöÀ§ ±×¸®°í Á÷¾÷À» À§ÇÑ ÃÖ¼ÒÀÇ ³ªÀÌ
 
 According to the Constitution, the State prohibits work by children under the age of 16 years. As education is universal and mandatory until the age of 15, it is believed that this regulation is enforced. There is no prohibition on forced labor by children, and school children are assigned to factories or farms for short periods to help meet production goals (see Section 6.c.).
 
 Çå¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé , »óÅ°¡ ³âµé¿¡ 16ÀÇ ³ªÀ̾Ʒ¡¿¡ ¾ÆÀ̵鿡 ÀÇÇÑ ÀÏÀ» ±ÝÁöÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ±³À°ÀÌ 15ÀÇ ³ªÀ̱îÁö Àü¼¼°èÀûÀÌ°í ±×¸®°í À§À ¶§ , ÀÌ ±ÔÁ¤ÀÌ ½ÃÇàµÈ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾îÁý´Ï´Ù . ¾ÆÀ̵鿡 ÀÇÇÑ °­¿äµÈ ³ëµ¿À§ ¾î¶² ±ÝÁö´Â ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù , ±×¸®°í Çб³ ¾ÆÀ̵éÀº °øÀåµé·Î ÇÒ´çÇØÁý´Ï´Ù , ¶ÇÇÑ ÂªÀº ±â°£µéµ¿¾ÈÀÇ ³óÀåµé ¸ðÀÓ »ý»ê ¸ñÇ¥µéÀ» µ½°í ( ºÎºÐÀ» º¾´Ï´Ù 6.c. ) .
 
 There are reports of trafficking in young girls among North Koreans crossing into China, some to become brides and others forced to work in the sex industry (see Sections 5, 6.c., and 6.f.).
 
 Áß±¹À¸·Î °Ç³Ê°¡´Â ºÏÂÊ Çѱ¹Àξ¿îµ¥ ¾î¸° ¼Ò³àµé¾ÈÀÇ ¸Å¸ÅÀÇ º¸°í¼­µéÀº ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù , ¾à°£ÀÇ ½ÅºÎµéÀÌ µÇ°í ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ °ÍµéÀº ¼ºº° »ê¾÷¾È¿¡(¼­) ÀÛµ¿ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °­¿äÇß½À´Ï´Ù ( ºÎºÐµéÀ» º¾´Ï´Ù 5 , 6.c. , ±×¸®°í 6.f. ) .
 
 e. Acceptable Conditions of Work
 
 E . ÀÏÀÇ ±¦ÂúÀº Á¶°Çµé
 
 No data is available on the minimum wage in state-owned industries. Until the recent food crisis, wages and rations appeared to be adequate to support workers and their families at a subsistence level. Wages are not the primary form of compensation since the State provides all educational and medical needs free of charge, while only token rent is charged. The minimum wage for workers in North Korea's FETZ is approximately $80 per month; in foreign-owned and joint venture enterprises outside the FETZ the minimum wage is reportedly close to $110 per month. It is not known what proportion of the foreign-paid wages go to the worker and what proportion remains with the State. KEDO, the international organization charged with implementation of a light-water reactor and other projects, has concluded a protocol and a related memorandum of understanding concerning wages and other working conditions for citizens who are to work on KEDO projects. Unskilled laborers receive about $110 per month while skilled laborers are paid slightly more depending on the nature of the work performed (see Section 6.b.).
 
 ¾î¶² µ¥ÀÌŸ°¡ ±¹À¯ »ê¾÷µé¾È¿¡(¼­) ÃÖÀú ÀÓ±ÝÀ§¿¡ ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù . ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ½Ä·® À§±â±îÁö , ÀÓ±Ýµé ±×¸®°í ¹è±Þ·®µéÀÌ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµé ±×¸®°í ÃÖÀú »ýÈ° ¼öÁØÀÇ ±×µéÀÇ °¡Á·µéÀ» ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀûÀýÇÑ °Íó·³ º¸À̾ú½À´Ï´Ù . ÀӱݵéÀº »óÅ°¡ ´ÜÁö À̸§»ÓÀÎ ÀÓ´ë·á°¡ û±¸µÇ´Â µ¿¾È , ¹«·á·Î ±³À°ÀÇ ¸ðµÎ ±×¸®°í ÀÇÇÐ(ÀÇ) ÇÊ¿äµéÀ» Á¦°øÇÑ ÀÌÈÄ·Î º¸»óÀÇ ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ÇüÅ°¡ ¾Æ´Õ´Ï´Ù . ºÏÇÑÀÇ FETZ¾ÈÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀ» À§ÇÑ ÃÖÀú ÀÓ±ÝÀº ´ë·« ´Þ´ç 80 $ ÀÔ´Ï´Ù ; in foreign-ownedÇÏ°í ±×¸®°í FETZ¹ÛÀÇ ÇÕÀÛ ÅõÀÚ ±â¾÷µé ÃÖÀú ÀÓ±ÝÀº ÀüÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ´Þ´ç 110 $ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù . ±×°Í¿¡°Ô foreign-paid ÀӱݵéÀÇ ¹«¾ù ºñÀ²ÀÌ ³ëµ¿ÀÚ¿¡°Ô °¡´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾ÆÁöÁö ¾Ê°í ±×¸®°í ¹«¾ù »óÅÂ¿Í ÇÔ²² ³²¾ÆÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù . KEDO , light-water ¿øÀÚ·Î ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®µéÀÇ ±¸ÇöÀ¸·Î ±â¼ÒµÈ ±¹Á¦ Á¶Á÷ÀÌ , ÀÓ±Ýµé ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ³ëµ¿ Á¶°Çµé¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© KEDO ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®µéÀ§¿¡ ÀÏÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â ½Ã¹ÎµéÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÇ ¿ø¾È ±×¸®°í °ü·ÃµÈ ¸Þ¸ð¸¦ ¸¶ÃƽÀ´Ï´Ù . ÈƷõÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀº ¼÷·ÃµÈ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÌ ¾à°£ ´õ ÁöºÒ¹Þ´Â µ¿¾È ´ë·« ´Þ´ç 110 $ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÔ´Ï´Ù ¼öÇàµÈ ÀÏÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÕ´Ï´Ù ( ºÎºÐÀ» º¾´Ï´Ù 6.b. ) .
 
 The Constitution states that all working-age citizens must work and "strictly observe labor discipline and working hours." The Penal Code states that anyone who hampers the nation's industry, commerce, or transportation by intentionally failing to carry out a specific assignment "while pretending to be functioning normally" is subject to the death penalty; it also states that anyone who "shoddily carries out" an assigned duty is subject to no less than 5 years' imprisonment.
 
 ¸ðµç working-age ½Ã¹ÎµéÀÌ ÀÏÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â Çå¹ý »óÅÂµé ±×¸®°í " ¾ö°ÝÇÏ°Ô ³ëµ¿À» °üÂûÇÕ´Ï´Ù ±ÔÀ² ±×¸®°í ±Ù¹« ½Ã°£µé . " ´©±º°¡ ±¹°¡ÀÇ »ê¾÷ , »ó¾÷À» ¹æÇØÇÑ´Ù´Â Çü¹ý »óŵé , , ¶ÇÇÑ ÀǵµÀûÀ¸·Î ¸íÈ®ÇÑ ÀÓ¹«¸¦ Çس»´Âµ¥ ½ÇÆÐÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¼ö¼Û " ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ±â´ÉÀ» ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ ÇൿÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È " »çÇüÀ¸·Î °¡´Â ÁÖÁ¦ ÀÔ´Ï´Ù ; ±×°Í ¶ÇÇÑ »óÅÂµé ½Î±¸·Á°°ÀÌ " Çس»´Â " ´©±º°¡ ÇÒ´çÇØÁø Àǹ«°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¿À 5 ÀÌÇÏ ³âµéÀÇ Åõ¿Á¿¡ Á¾¼ÓÀûÀÎ °Í .
 
 Even persistent tardiness may be defined as "anti-Socialist wrecking" under these articles, although as a result of food shortages absenteeism reportedly has become widespread as more time must be spent finding food. A DPRK official described the labor force to an audience of foreign business executives by noting that "there are no riots, no strikes, and no differences of opinion" with management.
 
 ±ÕµîÇÑ ²÷ÀÓ¾ø´Â tardiness´Â Á¤ÀÇµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù " anti-Socialist Æı«ÇÕ´Ï´Ù " ÀÌµé ±â»çµé¾Æ·¡¿¡ , ½Ä·®³­µéÀÇ °á°ú·Î¼­ Àå±â °á¼®ÀÌ ¸¹Àº ½Ã°£ÀÌ À½½ÄÀ» ã´Âµ¥ ¾²¿©Á®¾ß ÇÒ ¶§ ÀüÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ® ÀÖ°Ô µÉÁö¶óµµ . DPRK °ü¸®°¡ Àú°ÍÀ» ¾ð±ÞÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¿Ü±¹ °Å·¡ °æ¿µÀÚµéÀÇ Ã»ÁßÀ¸·Î ³ëµ¿·ÂÀ» ¹¦»çÇß½À´Ï´Ù " °Å±â ¾î¶² Æøµ¿µé , ¾î¶² ½ºÆ®¶óÀÌÅ©µéÀÌ ¾Æ´Õ´Ï´Ù , ±×¸®°í ÀÇ°ßÀÇ ¾î¶² Â÷À̵é " °ü¸®¸¦ °¡Áö°í .
 
 In 1994 the authorities reportedly adopted new labor regulations for enterprises involving foreign investments. The regulations on labor contracts set out provisions on the employment and dismissal of workers, technical training, workhours, rest periods, remuneration, labor protection, social security, fines for violations of regulations, and settlement of disputes.
 
 1994¿¡ ´ç±¹Àº ±â¾÷µéÀÌ ÇØ¿Ü ÅõÀÚµéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ÀüÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é »õ·Î¿î ³ëµ¿ ±ÔÁ¤µéÀ» äÅÃÇß½À´Ï´Ù . ³ëµ¿ °è¾àµéÀ§ ±ÔÁ¤µéÀÌ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÇ Á÷¾÷ ±×¸®°í ÇØ»êÀ§¿¡ °ø±ÞµéÀ» set outÇß°í , Àü¹®Àû ÈÆ·Ã , workhours , ±â°£µéÀ» ½¬½Ã¿À , º¸¼ö , ³ëµ¿ º¸È£ , »çȸ º¸Àå , ±ÔÁ¤µéÀÇ À§¹ÝµéÀ» À§ÇÑ ¹ú±Ýµé , ±×¸®°í ³íÀïµéÀÇ Á¤Âø .
 
 The Constitution stipulates an 8-hour workday; however, several sources report that most laborers work from 12 to 16 hours daily when factories are operating. Some of this additional time may include mandatory study of the writings of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il. The Constitution provides all citizens with a "right to rest," including paid leave, holidays, and access to sanitariums and rest homes funded at public expense. Many worksites are hazardous, and the rate of industrial accidents is high. It is believed that workers do not have the right to remove themselves from hazardous working conditions without jeopardizing their employment.
 
 Çå¹ýÀº 8-hour ÆòÀÏÀ» °è¾àÇÕ´Ï´Ù ; ÇÏÁö¸¸ , ¸î¸î ÃâóµéÀº ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÌ ¸ÅÀÏ 12 to 16 ½Ã°£µé·ÎºÎÅÍ °øÀåµéÀÌ ÀÛµ¿ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ» ¶§ ÀÏÇÑ´Ù°í º¸°íÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ³ë·¡ÇØÁö´Â Kim IlÀÇ ÀúÀÛµéÀÇ À§ÀӵǴ ¿¬±¸¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¾à°£ÀÇ ÀÌ ºÎ°¡ÀÇ ½Ã°£ ±×¸®°í Kim Jong Il . ÁöºÒÇÏ´Â °Í , ÈÞÀϵ鿡 Çå¹ýÀÌ " ½¬´Â °ÍÀ» ¿Ç°Ô " ¸ðµç ½Ã¹Îµé¿¡°Ô °ø±ÞÇÏ°í , ¶°³ª½Ã¿À , ±×¸®°í ¿ä¾ç¼Òµé¿¡ÀÇ Á¢±Ù ±×¸®°í ¿ä¾ç¼ÒµéÀº °ø°øÀÇ ºñ¿ë¿¡(¼­) ÀÚ±ÝÀ» ÁÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù . ¸¹Àº worksites°¡ ¸ðÇèÀûÀÌ°í , ±×¸®°í »ê¾÷ »ç°íµéÀÇ ºñÀ²Àº ³ô½À´Ï´Ù . ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÌ ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¸ðÇèÀûÀÎ ³ëµ¿ Á¶°Çµé¿¡¼­ ±×µéÀÇ Á÷¾÷À» À§ÅÂ·Ó°Ô ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í Á¦°ÅÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¿Ç°Ô ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í ¹Ï¾îÁý´Ï´Ù .
 
 f. Trafficking in Persons
 
 F . »ç¶÷µé¾ÈÀÇ ¸Å¸Å
 
 There are no known laws specifically addressing the problem of trafficking in persons.
 
 »ç¶÷µé¾È¿¡(¼­) ¸Å¸ÅÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾ð±ÞÇϴ Ưº°È÷ ¾î¶² ¾Ë·ÁÁö´Â ¹ýµéÀÌ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù .
 
 There have been reports of trafficking in women and young girls among North Koreans crossing the border into China. Some were sold by their families as wives to men in China. A network of smugglers reportedly facilitates this trafficking. Many such women, unable to speak Chinese, are held as virtual prisoners. Many end up working as prostitutes (see Sections 5 and 6.c.).
 
 ºÏÂÊ Çѱ¹Àξ¿îµ¥ ¿©¼ºµé ±×¸®°í ¾î¸° ¼Ò³àµéÀÌ Áß±¹¾ÈÀÇ °æ°è¸¦ °Ç³ÔÀ» ¶§ ¸Å¸ÅÀÇ º¸°í¼­µéÀº ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù . Áß±¹¾ÈÀÇ »ç¶÷µé·Î °¡´Â ¾Æ³»µé ±×µéÀÇ °¡Á·µé °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ ¾à°£ÀÌ ÆȷȽÀ´Ï´Ù . ¹Ð¼ö¾÷ÀÚµéÀÇ ³×Æ®¿öÅ©°¡ ÀüÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé ÀÌ ¸Å¸Å¸¦ ¿ëÀÌÇÏ°Ô ÇÕ´Ï´Ù . ´ë´Ù¼ö Áß±¹ÀÎÀ» ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â , ±×·± ¿©¼ºµéÀÌ °¡»ó Á˼öµé , ÀâÈü´Ï´Ù . ¸ÅÃáºÎµé À§·Î ÀÛµ¿ÇÏ´Â ¸¹Àº ³¡ ( ºÎºÐµéÀ» º¾´Ï´Ù 5 ±×¸®°í 6.c. ) .
 
 
 
 
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