2002년에 출판된 'IQ와 國富'라는 책은 북아일란드 얼스터 대학의 심리학 교수 리차드 린 박사와 핀란드 탐피어 대학의 정치학 교수 타투 반하넨 박사가 같이 쓴 것이다. 두 교수는 180여개국의 국민 평균 IQ를 조사하여 IQ가 높은 나라는 국민소득도 높다는 현상을 발견했다고 한다. 산업화, 정보화 사회에서 국민들의 평균 IQ가 높으면 부가가치도 많이 생산할 것이다. IQ만 높아선 안되고 시장경제와 만나야 그 높은 IQ가 힘을 쓴다. 사회주의 계획경제에선 높은 IQ가 높은 국민소득으로 연결되지 않는다.
 두 교수는 중국이나 북한처럼 국민 IQ는 대단히 높은데도 국민소득이 낮은 나라는 일단 시장경제로 바뀌면 IQ에 걸맞는 경제성상을 할 수 있다고 주장했다. 두 교수는 높은 IQ가 높은 소득을 가져오는 것과 동시에 낮은 소득은 국민 IQ를 낮추는 경향이 있다는 점도 발견했다.
 
 국민 평균 IQ는 홍콩이 107, 한국이 106, 일본이 105, 북한이 105, 대만이 104로서 1~5위를 차지하여 동양한자문화권에 속한 나라들이 유럽의 게르만 민족 국가보다도 높았다. 북한이 계속 못살게 되면 북한주민들의 IQ도 나빠질 것으로 보인다. 북한주민들의 평균 신장은 영양부족으로 인하여 남자의 경우 남한보다도 10cm나 짧아졌다. 머지 않아 북한사람들의 평균 IQ도 크게 떨어질 것이다.
 
 김정일의 독재가 강건하고 머리 좋은 북한인들을 열등민족으로 망가뜨리고 있다는 이야기이다. 이 자의 민족사적 범죄 항목 중 제1번이 바로 우수한 한민족의 자질을 파괴하여 열등화시킨 점일 것이다. 이런 북한주민들이 신체와 정신을 정상화하는 데는 통일된 후에도 100년 이상 걸릴 것이다.
 
 두 학자의 연구결과를 보면 공산중국의 국민 평균 IQ는 100인데 같은 중국인이 대만에선 104, 홍콩에선 107이다. 이는 계획경제하에서 살면 IQ가 낮아지고 자유시장경제하에서 살면 높아진다는 가설을 뒷받침하는 듯하다. 13억 중국 인구의 평균 IQ가 100인 데 대해서 12억 인도 인구의 평균 IQ는 82이다. 아시아의 두 巨人이 경제발전 경쟁을 하고 있는데 중국이 계속해서 앞서갈 것임을 예고한다.
 
 ============================================================
 
 IQ and the Wealth of Nations
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 IQ and the Wealth of NationsIQ and the Wealth of Nations is a controversial 2002 book by Dr. Richard Lynn, Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, and Dr. Tatu Vanhanen, Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland[1]. The book argues that differences in national income (in the form of per capita gross domestic product) correlate with differences in average national IQ. The authors interpret this correlation as showing that IQ is one important factor contributing to differences in national wealth and rates of economic growth, but that it is not the only determinant of these differences.
 
 Contents [hide]
 1 Outline
 2 National IQ estimates
 2.1 Special cases
 3 Related studies
 4 Critique
 5 End material
 5.1 References
 5.2 See also
 5.3 External links
 
 
 
 [edit] Outline
 
 The central thesis of IQ and the Wealth of Nations is that the average IQ of a nation correlates with its GDP[1] Above is a scatterplot with Lynn and Vanhanen's calculated IQ values (without estimates) and GDP data[2]. Data from Table 7.7 in the book - Real GDP per capita 1998, and IQ. Residual real GDP, and Fitted real GDP columns not displayed. Table 7.7 in the book titled, The Results of the Regression Analysis in which Real GDP Per Capita 1998 is Used as The Dependent Variable and National IQ is Used as the Independent Variable for 81 countries.The book includes the authors' calculation of average IQ scores for 81 countries, based on their analysis of published reports. It reports their observation that national IQ correlates with gross domestic product per capita at 0.82, and with the rate of economic growth from 1950-1990 at 0.64.
 
 The authors believe that average IQ difference between nations are due to both genetic and environmental factors. They also believe that low GDP can cause low IQ, just as low IQ can cause low GDP. (See: Positive feedback)
 
 The authors write that it is the ethical responsibility of rich, high-IQ nations to financially assist poor, low-IQ nations, as it is the responsibility of rich citizens to assist the poor.
 
 The book was cited several times in the popular press, notably the British conservative newspaper The Times. Because Tatu Vanhanen is the father of Matti Vanhanen, the Finnish Prime minister, his work has received wide publicity in Finland. It has also been severely criticized.
 
 
 [edit] National IQ estimates
 Central to the book's thesis is a tabulation of what Lynn and Vanhanen believe to be the average IQs of the world's nations. Rather than do their own IQ studies (a potentially massive project), the authors average and adjust existing studies.
 
 For 104 of the 185 nations, no reliable studies were available. In those cases, the authors have used an estimated value by taking averages of the IQs of neighboring or comparable nations. For example, the authors arrived at a figure of 84 for El Salvador by averaging their calculations of 79 for Guatemala and 88 for Colombia. Including those estimated IQs, the correlation of IQ and GDP is 0.62.
 
 To obtain a figure for South Africa, the authors averaged IQ studies done on different ethnic groups, resulting in a figure of 72. The figures for Colombia, Peru and Singapore were arrived at in a similar manner. For People's Republic of China, the authors used a figure of 109.4 for Shanghai and adjusted it down by an arbitrary 6 points because they believed the average across China's rural areas was probably less than that in Shanghai. Another figure from a study done in Beijing was not adjusted downwards. Those two studies formed the resultant score for China (PRC).
 
 In some cases, the IQ of a country is estimated by averaging the IQs of countries that are not actually neighbors of the country in question. For example, Kyrgyzstan's IQ is estimated by averaging the IQs of Iran and Turkey, neither of which is close to Kyrgyzstan – China, which is a geographic neighbor, is not counted as such by Lynn and Vanhanen.
 
 To account for the Flynn effect (an increase in IQ scores over time), the authors adjusted the results of older studies upward by an number of points.
 
 Country IQ Country IQ Country IQ
 Hong Kong (PRC) 107 Peru 90 Trinidad & Tobago 80*
 South Korea 106 Turkey 90 Comoros 79*
 Japan 105 Cambodia 89* Guatemala 79
 North Korea 105* Indonesia 89 Madagascar 79*
 Taiwan (ROC) 104 Laos 89* Bahamas 78*
 Austria 102 Suriname 89 Barbados 78
 Germany 102 Colombia 88 Bhutan 78*
 Italy 102 Venezuela 88* Cape Verde 78*
 Netherlands 102 Azerbaijan 87* Nepal 78
 Luxembourg 101* Brazil 87 Qatar 78
 Sweden 101 Iraq 87 Zambia 77
 Switzerland 101 Jordan 87* Antigua & Barbuda 75*
 Belgium 100 Kyrgyzstan 87* Dominica 75*
 China (PRC) 100 Mexico 87 Grenada 75*
 New Zealand 100 Samoa 87 Saint Kitts and Nevis 75*
 Singapore 100 Syria 87* St. Lucia 75*
 United Kingdom 100 Tajikistan 87* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 75*
 Hungary 99 Tonga 87 Congo-Brazzaville 73
 Poland 99 Turkmenistan 87* Mauritania 73*
 Spain 99 Uzbekistan 87* Uganda 73
 Australia 98 Myanmar 86* Botswana 72*
 Denmark 98 Lebanon 86 Chad 72*
 France 98 Philippines 86 Haiti 72*
 Iceland 98* Bolivia 85* Jamaica 72
 Mongolia 98* Cuba 85 Kenya 72
 Norway 98 Morocco 85 Lesotho 72*
 United States 98 Paraguay 85* Mosambique 72*
 Canada 97 Algeria 84* Namibia 72*
 Czech Republic 97 Dominican Republic 84* South Africa 72
 Estonia 97* El Salvador 84* Sudan 72
 Finland 97 Fiji 84 Swaziland 72*
 Latvia 97* Guyana 84* Tanzania 72
 Lithuania 97* Honduras 84* Côte d'Ivoire 71*
 Argentina 96 Iran 84 Ghana 71
 Belarus 96* Kiribati 84* Malawi 71*
 Russia 96 Libya 84* Burundi 70*
 Slovakia 96 Marshall Islands 84 Cameroon 70*
 Ukraine 96* Micronesia 84* Rwanda 70*
 Uruguay 96 Nicaragua 84* Angola 69*
 Vietnam 96* Panama 84* Benin 69*
 Malta 95* Papua New Guinea 84* Togo 69*
 Moldova 95* Puerto Rico (US) 84 Central African Republic 68*
 Portugal 95 Solomon Islands 84* Djibouti 68*
 Slovenia 95 Tunisia 84* Eritrea 68*
 Israel 94 Vanuatu 84* Mali 68*
 Romania 94 Afghanistan 83* Somalia 68*
 Armenia 93* Bahrain 83* Niger 67*
 Bulgaria 93 Belize 83* Nigeria 67
 Chile 93* Egypt 83 Burkina Faso 66*
 Georgia 93* Kuwait 83* Gabon 66*
 Ireland 93 Oman 83* Zimbabwe 66
 Kazakhstan 93* Saudi Arabia 83* Congo-Kinshasa 65
 Macedonia 93* United Arab Emirates 83* Gambia 64*
 Yugoslavia 93* Yemen 83* Liberia 64*
 Brunei 92* Bangladesh 81* Senegal 64*
 Cyprus 92* India 81 Sierra Leone 64
 Greece 92 Maldives 81* Ethiopia 63
 Malaysia 92 Mauritius 81* Guinea 63
 Costa Rica 91* Pakistan 81* Guinea-Bissau 63*
 Thailand 91 Seychelles 81* Equatorial Guinea 59
 Albania 90* Sri Lanka 81* São Tomé and Príncipe 59*
 Croatia 90 Ecuador 80
 "*" Denotes estimated National IQ
 Source
 Lynn's datasets are criticized as being unrepresentative (Heredity April 2004, Volume 92, Number 4, Pages 359-360).[32]
 
 
 [edit] Special cases
 In several cases, actual GDP did not correspond with that predicted by IQ. In these cases, the authors argued that differences in GDP were caused by differences in natural resources and whether the nation used a "planned" or "market" economy.
 
 One example of this was Qatar, whose IQ was estimated by Lynn and Vanhanen to be about 78, yet had a disproportionately high per capita GDP of roughly USD $17,000. The authors explain Qatar's disproportionately high GDP by its high petroleum resources. Similarly, the authors think that large resources of diamonds explain the economic growth of the African nation Botswana, the fastest in the world for several decades.
 
 The authors argued that the People's Republic of China's per capita GDP of roughly USD $4,500 could be explained by its use of a communist economic system for much of its recent history. The authors also predicted that communist nations who they believe have comparatively higher IQs, including the PRC, Vietnam, and North Korea, can be expected to gain GDP by moving from centrally-planned to market economic systems, while predicting continued poverty for African nations. Recent trends in the economy of the People's Republic of China and Vietnam seem to confirm this prediction, as China's GDP has quadrupled since market reforms in 1988.
 
 Lastly, although the study mentioned that the average Indian IQ stood at 81, it must be noted that India's high cultural and ethnic diversity suggest a great variance in IQ. The relatively low estimate is mostly due to India's relatively poor healthcare system and high socio-economic inequality. Thus, it is hard to obtain a nationally-representative sample in India.[4] It is because of this reason that the data is not able to explain the recent surge in India's economy. In the United States, Asian Indians earn incomes 1.42 times the American average.
 
 
 [edit] Related studies
 This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards.
 Please discuss this issue on the talk page or replace this tag with a more specific message.
 This article has been tagged since October 2006.
 
 IQ and the Wealth of Nations' was not peer-reviewed before publication but was published by a publisher of academic literature. Peer reviewed articles have used the IQ scores presented in the book and some have also commented on the claims in the book.
 
 Several negative reviews have been published in the scholarly literature. Susan Barnett and Wendy Williams wrote that "we see an edifice built on layer upon layer of arbitrary assumptions and selective data manipulation. The data on which the entire book is based are of questionably validity and are used in ways that cannot be justified."[3] They also wrote that cross country comparisons are "virtually meaningless." Ken Richardson wrote "This is not so much science, then, as a social crusade. The Pioneer Fund of America, champion of many dubious causes in the past, will obtain little credit from having assisted this one."[4] Thomas Nechyba wrote of "relatively weak statistical evidence and dubious presumptions."[5] Astrid Ervik asked "are people in rich countries smarter than those in poorer countries?" and concluded that "the authors fail to present convincing evidence and appear to jump to conclusions."[6]
 
 Denny Borsbom (2006) finds that mainstream contemporary test analysis does not reflect substantial recent developments in the field and "bears an uncanny resemblance to the psychometric state of the art as it existed in the 1950s." For example, it notes that IQ and the Wealth of Nations, in order to show that the tests are unbiased, use outdated methodology, if anything indicative of that test bias exist.[7]
 
 Thomas Volken wrote that the study is "neither methodologically nor theoretically convincing."[8] Although critical of the IQ data, for the sake of argument Volken assumes that the data is correct but then criticizes the statistical methods used, finding no effect on growth or income. Using the same assumption, Garett Jones and W. Joel Schneider report a strong connection between intelligence and economic growth.[9]
 
 Erich Weede and Sebastian Kampf wrote that "there is one clear and robust result: average IQ does promote growth."[10] Edward Miller wrote that "the theory helps significantly to explain why some countries are rich and some poor."[11] Michael Palairet wrote that "Lynn and Vanhanen have launched a powerful challenge to economic historians and development economists who prefer not to use IQ as an analytical input."[12] In a reanalysis of the Lynn and Vanhanen's hypothesis, Dickerson (2006) finds that IQ and GDP data is best fitted by an exponential function, with IQ explaining approximately 70% of the variation in GDP[13]. Dickerson concludes that as a rough approximation "an increase of 10 points in mean IQ results in a doubling of the per capita GDP."
 
 Whetzel and McDaniel (2006) conclude that the book's "results regarding the relationship between IQ, democracy and economic freedom are robust"[14]. Moreover, they address "criticisms concerning the measurement of IQ in purportedly low IQ countries", finding that by setting "all IQ scores below 90 to equal 90, the relationship between IQ and wealth of nations remained strong and actually increased in magnitude." On this question they conclude that their findings "argue against claims made by some that inaccuracies in IQ estimation of low IQ countries invalidate conclusions about the relationship between IQ and national wealth."
 
 Voracek (2004) used the national IQ data to examine the relationship between intelligence and suicide, finding national IQ was positively correlated with national male and female suicide rates[15]. The effect was not attenuated by controlling for GDP.
 
 Barber (2005) found that national IQ was associated with rates of secondary education enrollment, illiteracy, and agricultural employment[16]. The effect on illiteracy and agricultural employment remained with national wealth, infant mortality, and geographic continent controlled.
 
 Both Lynn and Rushton have suggested that high IQ is associated with colder climates. To test this hypothesis, Templer and Arikawa (2006) compare the national IQ data from Lynn and Vanhanen with data sets that describe national average skin color and average winter and summer temperatures[17]. They find that the strongest correlations to national IQ were −0.92 for skin color and −0.76 for average high winter temperature. They interpret this finding as strong support for IQ-climate association. Other studies using different data sets find no correlation [5][6].
 
 Kanazawa (2006), "IQ and the wealth of states" (in press in Intelligence), replicates across U.S. states Lynn and Vanhanen's demonstration that national IQs strongly correlate with macroeconomic performance[18]. Kanazawa finds that state cognitive ability scores, based on the SAT data, correlate moderately with state economic performance, explaining about a quarter of the variance in gross state product per capita.
 
 Hunt and Wittmann (in press) use data from the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) to conclude that "in spite of the weaknesses [in] several of their data points Lynn and Vanhanen's empirical conclusion was correct, but we question the simple explanation that national intelligence causes national wealth. We argue that the relationship is more complex"[19].
 
 The book was followed by Lynn's 2006 Race Differences in Intelligence, which expands the data by nearly four times and concludes the average human IQ is presently 90 when compared to a norm of 100 based on UK data, or two thirds of a standard deviation below the UK norm, and Lynn and Vanhanen's 2006 IQ and Global Inequality[20].
 
 Jared Diamond's Guns, Germs and Steel instead argues that historical differences in economic and technological development for different areas can be explained by differences in geography (which affects factors like population density and spread of new technology) and differences in available crops and domesticatable animals. Richard Nisbett argues in his 2004 The Geography of Thought that some of these regional differences shaped lasting cultural traits, such as the collectivism required by East Asian rice irrigation, compared with the individualism of ancient Greek herding, maritime mercantilism, and money crops wine and olive oil (pp. 34-35).
 
 
 [edit] Critique
 Lynn has been frequently criticized as a Pioneer fund grantee.
 
 The figures were obtained by taking unweighted averages of different IQ tests. The number of studies is very limited; the IQ figure is based on one study in 34 nations, two studies in 30 nations. There were actual tests for IQ in 81 nations. In 104 of the world's nations there were no IQ studies at all and IQ was estimated based on IQ in surrounding nations.[21] The number of participants in each study was usually limited, often numbering under a few hundred. The exceptions to this were the United States and Japan, for which studies using more than several thousand participants are available.
 
 Many nations are very heterogeneous ethnically. This is true for many developing countries. It is very doubtful that an often limited number of participants from one or a few areas are representative for the population as whole.
 
 Studies that were averaged together often used different methods of IQ testing, different scales for IQ values and/or were done decades apart. IQ in children is different although correlated with IQ later in life and many of the studies tested only young children.
 
 A test of 108 9-15-year olds in Barbados, of 50 13-16-year olds in Colombia, of 104 5-17-year olds in Ecuador, of 129 6-12-year olds in Egypt, of 48 10-14-year olds in Equatorial Guinea, and so on, all were taken as measures of 'national IQ'.[22]
 
 The notion that there is such a thing as a culturally neutral intelligence test is disputed.[23][24][25][26][27] There are many difficulties when one is measuring IQ scores across cultures, and in multiple languages. Use of the same set of exams requires translation, with all its attendant difficulties and possible misunderstandings in other cultures.[28] To adapt to this, some IQ test rely on non-verbal approaches, which involve pictures, diagrams, and conceptual relationships (such as in-out, big-small, and so on).
 
 One common criticism is that many of the countries with the best average scores are those where testing (e.g. American SATs, baccalaureate examinations) is a crucial aspect of the educational process, and that many of these tests (esp. the SATs) have been shown to be very similar to IQ tests. In these nations, because students study extensively for the high-stakes examinations, it is quite possible that IQ scores are higher because people are subjected to frequent examinations for which they prepare extensively.
 
 There are also errors in the raw data presented by authors. The results from Vinko Buj's 1981 study of 21 European cities and the Ghanaian capital Accra used different scaling from Lynn and Vanhanen's. A comparison of the reported to actual data from only a single study found 5 errors in 19 reported IQ scores.[29][30]
 
 As noted earlier, in many cases arbitrary adjustments were made by authors to account for the Flynn effect or when the authors thought that the studies were not representative of the ethnic or social composition of the nation.
 
 One critic writes: "Their scheme is to take the British Ravens IQ in 1979 as 100, and simply add or subtract 2 or 3 to the scores from other countries for each decade that the relevant date of test departs from that year. The assumptions of size, linearity and universal applicability of this correction across all countries are, of course, hugely questionable if not breathtaking. Flynn's original results were from only 14 (recently extended to twenty) industrialised nations, and even those gains varied substantially with test and country and were not linear. For example, recent studies report increases of eight points per decade among Danes; six points per decade in Spain; and 26 points over 14 years in Kenya (confirming the expectation that newly developing countries would show more rapid gains)."[31]
 
 There is controversy about the definition and usage of IQ and intelligence. See also race and intelligence.
 
 It is generally agreed many factors, including environment, culture, demographics, wealth, pollution, and educational opportunities, affect measured IQ. See also Health and intelligence.
 
 Finally, the Flynn effect may well reduce or eliminate differences in IQ between nations in the future. One estimate is that the average IQ of the US was below 75 before factors like improved nutrition started to increase IQ scores. Some predict that considering that the Flynn effect started first in more affluent nations, it will also disappear first in these nations. Then the IQ gap between nations will diminish. However, even assuming that the IQ difference will disappear among the babies born today, the differences will remain for decades simply because of the composition of the current workforce. Steve Sailer noted as much when discussing the workforce in both India and China (see second diagram) [7].
 
 
 [edit] End material
 
 [edit] References
 ^ a b Lynn, R. and Vanhanen, T. (2002). IQ and the wealth of nations. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-97510-X
 ^ See Intelligence and the Wealth and Poverty of Nations by Richard Lynn
 ^ Barnett, Susan M. and Williams, Wendy (August 2004). "National Intelligence and the Emperor's New Clothes". Contemporary Psychology: APA Review of Books 49 (4): 389-396.
 ^ Heredity April 2004, Volume 92, Number 4, Pages 359-360
 ^ Nechyba, T. (2004). Review of IQ and the Wealth of Nations. Journal of Economic Literature, 42, 220–221. (p. 220)
 ^ Ervik, A. O. (2003). IQ and the Wealth of Nations. The Economic Journal, 113, No. 488, F406–F407.
 ^ The attack of the psychometricians. DENNY BORSBOOM. PSYCHOMETRIKA VOL 71, NO 3, 425–440. SEPTEMBER 2006.
 ^ The Impact of National IQ on Income and Growth [1]
 ^ Jones, G, Schneider, WJ (2006). "Intelligence, Human Capital, and Economic Growth: An Extreme-Bounds Analysis". Journal of Economic Growth Forthcoming.
 ^ Weede, E. and Kämpf, S. (2002). The Impact of Intelligence and Institutional Improvements on Economic Growth. Kyklos, 55, Fasc. 3, 361–380. (p. 376)
 ^ Miller, E. (2002). Differential Intelligence and National Income. A review of IQ and the Wealth of Nations. Journal of Social, Political & Economic Studies, 27, 413–524. (p. 522)
 ^ Palairet, M. R. (2004). Book review, IQ and the Wealth of Nations. Heredity, 92, 361–362.
 ^ Dickerson, R. E. (May-June 2006). "Exponential correlation of IQ and the wealth of nations". Intelligence 34 (3): 291-295. DOI:10.1016/j.intell.2005.09.006.
 ^ Whetzel, D. L. & McDaniel, M. A. (September-October 2006). "Prediction of national wealth". Intelligence 34 (5): 449-458. DOI:10.1016/j.intell.2006.02.003.
 ^ Voracek, M. (2004). "National intelligence and suicide rate: an ecological study of 85 countries". Personality and Individual Differences 37 (3): 543-553.
 ^ Barber, N. (2005). "Educational and ecological correlates of IQ: A cross-national investigation". Intelligence 33 (3): 273-284.
 ^ Templer, D. I. and Arikawa, H. (2006). "Temperature, skin color, per capita income, and IQ: An international perspective". Intelligence 34 (2): 121-139. see also discussion [2]
 ^ Kanazawa, S. (2006). "IQ and the wealth of states". Intelligence 34 (6): 593-600. DOI:10.1016/j.intell.2006.04.003.
 ^ Hunt, E., Wittmann, W. (in press). "National intelligence and national prosperity". Intelligence.
 ^ Lynn, R. and Vanhanen, T. (2006). IQ and global inequality. Athens, GA: Washington Summit Books. see also Lynn, R., & Mikk, J.. "National differences in intelligence and educational attainment". Intelligence In Press, Corrected Proof.. DOI:10.1016/j.intell.2006.06.001.
 ^ The Impact of National IQ on Income and Growth: A Critique of Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanens Recent Book by Thomas Volken
 ^ Book Review: IQ and the Wealth of Nations Heredity April 2004, Volume 92, Number 4, Pages 359-360. K Richardson.
 ^ The Cultural Context of Learning and Thinking: An Exploration in Experimental Anthropology Gay, Glick and Sharp (1971) made the following insightful observation: "Cultural differences in cognition reside more in the situations to which particular cognitive processes are applied than in the existence of a process in one cultural group, and its absence in another." A similar position is held by Berry in Acculturative Stress 1974 [3]
 ^ Educational Handicap, Public Policy, and Social History: A Broadened Perspective on Mental Retardation ISBN 0029279208 Sarason and Doris (1979) view intelligence as a cultural invention that does not hold true across cultures.
 ^ Case for Non-Biased Intelligence Testing Against Black Africans Has Not Been Made: A Comment on Rushton, Skuy, and Bons (2004) 1*, Leah K. Hamilton1, Betty R. Onyura1 and Andrew S. Winston International Journal of Selection and Assessment Volume 14 Issue 3 Page 278 - September 2006
 ^ Culture-Fair Cognitive Ability Assessment Steven P. Verney Assessment, Vol. 12, No. 3, 303-319 (2005)
 ^ Cross-cultural effects on IQ test performance: a review and preliminary normative indications on WAIS-III test performance. Shuttleworth-Edwards AB, Kemp RD, Rust AL, Muirhead JG, Hartman NP, Radloff SE. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2004 Oct;26(7):903-20.
 ^ Instruments developed to quantify smartness are culturally based and cannot simply be "transplanted" to a culture with different values (Greenfield, 1997). In Culture as process: Empirical methods for cultural psychology
 ^ Richard Lynn's Massaged IQ Data
 ^ Greek IQ by Dienekes Pontikos
 ^ Book Review: IQ and the Wealth of Nations Heredity April 2004, Volume 92, Number 4, Pages 359-360. K Richardson.
 
 [edit] See also
 The Bell Curve
 Race and intelligence
 Economic inequality
 
 [edit] External links
 "Intelligence and the Wealth and Poverty of Nations" - article by Lynn and Vanhanen
 PISA scores transformed into IQ values in comparison with IQ estimated by Lynn and Vanhanen
 Smart Fraction Theory of IQ and the Wealth of Nations
 Exponential correlation of IQ and the wealth of nations - Peer reviewed article to be published in an upcoming edition of Intelligence (journal)
 "The Bigger Bell Curve: Intelligence, National Achievement, and The Global Economy", review by J. Philippe Rushton
 "A Reader's statistical update of IQ & The Wealth of Nations"
 A Few Thoughts on IQ and the Wealth of Nations, Steve Sailer, VDARE, April 2002.
 Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQ_and_the_Wealth_of_Nations"
 Categories: Cleanup from October 2006 | All pages needing cleanup | 2002 books | Economics books | Race and intelligence controversy
 
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