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The New York Philharmonic orchestra arrived yesterday in
The music -- Gershwin's "American in Paris," Dvorak's "New World Symphony" -- bids to be a revelation to listeners in a country where music, like everything else, serves the state, and jazz and other individualistic forms of art are banned. But it is words -- hours of them, spoken by free people relating news of life outside North Korea, and broadcast on AM radio into every corner of the country -- that have far greater potential to open up the Stalinist state.
That's the message that Jay Lefkowitz, President Bush's envoy for human rights in
But if you're looking for a real catalyst for change, he argues, try radio broadcasts, which "have the potential to destabilize
As the West learned during the Cold War, radio broadcasting is one of the few ways to reach captive people directly. The
The South Korean government, incredibly, has zero broadcasts to the North, which it prefers not to antagonize by giving North Koreans accurate news of the outside world. Nor does it permit privately funded radio services based in
In a country where listening to a foreign broadcast is a political crime -- and even possessing a radio that can be tuned to anything other than the government's propaganda can bring a harsh sentence -- broadcasting information that will reach significant numbers of listeners is more easily said than done. Yet activists working to improve human rights in
One reason is the growing availability of radios. The short-wave radios sold in
There's anecdotal evidence that one-third or more of the population has access to AM radios that can be freely tuned to non-government stations, according to Mr. Lefkowitz, an estimate confirmed by other
Brave Northerners hungry for information long ago figured out how to jury-rig short-wave radios to receive foreign broadcasts. An InterMedia survey, commissioned last year by the U.S. Broadcasting Board of Governors (which oversees Radio Free Asia and the Voice of America), found that more than 40% of defectors had listened to foreign short-wave broadcasts inside
Ask Kim Seong-min, a former officer in the North Korean army who fled to the South in the late 1990s and now runs Free North Korea Radio, which broadcasts 3 1/2 hours a day on short wave to the North. Mr. Kim says many more North Koreans are listening to foreign broadcasts today than in the 1990s. "We broadcast our phone number and our address," he said in a phone call from
(The receptivity of North Korean officials to bribes is a point echoed by international aid workers, missionaries who work with North Korean refugees in
At the same time, it is still "very, very risky" to possess illegal radios or VCRs, Mr. Kim says. "People can be executed for listening to foreign radio or viewing South Korean [TV] dramas" on VCRs, he told a conference in the
The man with the greatest ability to get more information to more North Koreans is President Lee, who was inaugurated yesterday. If he is serious about his pledge to do more than his predecessor to help his fellow Koreans in the North, he will reverse the current policy and allow broadcasts from transmitters located in the South. There's an especially urgent need for medium-wave transmissions -- that is, to the AM radios that currently can't tune in foreign broadcasts.
While the North tries to jam foreign broadcasts, it has only limited success given the large amount of scarce electricity required. Unless
Last week on these pages, maestro Loren Maazel defended his orchestra's decision to play
There can be little argument about the power of music to free minds. But the power of information is even greater. Breaking
On Friday,
Ms. Kirkpatrick is a deputy editor of the Journal's editorial page.
By MELANIE KIRKPATRICK
THE
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